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Biology 2 terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell | the basic unit from which a living organism is made; consists of an aqueous solution of organic molecules enclosed by a membrane |
| Tissue | An integrated group of specialized cells that carry out a specific biological function. Animals have 4 main types of tissue: 1)epithelial, 2)connective, 3)muscle, 4) nervous |
| Organ | A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissue |
| Organ System | a group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions |
| Zygote | a fertilized egg: the diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization |
| Cleavage | the succession of rapid cell divisions without significant cell growth during the early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells |
| Blastula | the hollow ball of cells that marks the end of the CLEAVAGE stage during early embryonic development in animals |
| Blastocoel | the fluid filled cavity that forms in the blastula |
| Blastopore | in the gastrula, is the opening of the archenteron(cavity) that typically develops into the ANUS (DEUTEROSTOMES) or MOUTH (PROTOSTOMES) |
| Archenteron | the endoderm lined cavity, in the blastula that develops into the digestive tract |
| Gastrulation | a series of cell and tissue movements in which the blastula-stage embryo folds inward, producing a gastrula with 3 germ layers |
| Gastrula | An embryonic stage in animal development where the 3 germ layers have formed |
| 3 Germ layers | Ectoderm ( outer ), mesoderm ( middle ), and endoderm ( inside) |
| Bilaterian | A member of a clade of animals with BI-lateral symmetry and 3 germ layers |
| Protostome | "mouth first" - animals that form their mouth regions from the blastopore |
| lophotrochozoan | 1 of 2 major protostome groups of bilaterian animals. Contains annelids, molluscs, and flatworms. *Most diverse body forms* |
| Ecdysozoa | 1 of 2 major protostome groups of bilaterian animals. Contains animals with cuticles (tough outer coating that sheds off): insects, crayfish, and nematode worm |
| Deuterostome | "mouth second" - animals that form their anus first from the blastopore and their mouth second |
| Eumetazoan | a member of a clade of animals with true tissues |
| Diploblast | Having 2 germ layers |
| triploblast | having 3 germ layers |
| invertebrate | an animal WITHOUT a backbone |
| Spongocoel | central cavity of a sponge |
| osculum | opening in a sponge that leads to the spongocoel |
| choanocyte | a flagellated cell in sponges that circulates water for feeding; food particles are trapped by appendages |
| mesohyl | gelatinous region between the two layers of the cells of a sponge |
| amoebocyte | an amoeba- like cell in sponges that digests food and can form other cell types |
| gastrovascular cavity | central cavity found in Cnidarians (hydra/jellies) that digests and distributes food nutrients |
| Cnidocyte | specialized cell unique to Cnidaria; contains capsule like organelle that is discharge outward as a thread to poison prey (jellyfish stingers) |
| Coleom | Body cavity lined by tissue derived only from mesoderm |
| Acoelomate | a solid bodied animal lacking a cavity between the gut and outer wall (planarians) |
| alimentary canal | a complete digestive tract, consisting of a tube running between a mouth and an anus |
| cephalization | the concentration of sensory organs and nervous tissue in the anterior(front) region of an animal: resembled by a head and brain in vertebrates |
| open circulatory system | a circulatory system in which fluid called HEMOLYMPH bathes the tissues and organs directly |
| Hemolymph | the body fluid that bathes tissues in invertebrates with an open circulatory system |
| Protistes | Diverse group of unicellular eukaryotes split into 4 supergroups that are only related by a distant common ancestor: 1)excavata 2)SAR, 3)Archeplastida, and 4) Unikonta |
| Clade | Term for a group of species that includes an ancestor and descendants |
| Diatoms | group of unicellular photosynthetic algae with a glass wall made of silicon dioxide embedded in an organic matrix |
| golden algae | have yellow/brown carotenoids that give them a golden color, cellular communities that drift in currents near water surfaces |
| brown algae | complex multicellular organisms known as seaweeds that have photosynthetic capabilities as well as alternation of generations |
| Alternation of Generations | haploid and diploid conditions alternate in all sexual life cycles, however alternation of generations only apply to life cycles in which both haploid and diploid stages are multi-cellular |
| Binary Fission | a prokaryote method of sexual reproduction by dividing in half |
| Cell Wall | outer layer of cell that provide structural support as well as water exit/entry control. Bacteria cell wall contain peptidoglycan used for gram stain |
| peptidoglycan | a sugar polymer that is a major component of the bacterial cell wall |
| capsule | a dense layer of polysaccharide surrounding the cell wall, sticky, and lets the cell adhere to other things like cell or surfaces |
| Fimbraie | short, hair like appendage of a prokaryote cell that also enables a cell to adhere to another cell or surface |
| Sex pilus | a specialized type of fimbriae that links one cell to another during conjugation |
| flagellum | long cellular appendage that is specialized for locomotion |
| plasmid | smaller circular double stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes that are separate from the bacteria chromosome |
| Conjugation | direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined |
| Endospore | thick coated metabolically inactive prokaryote cell produced by exposure to harsh conditions |
| Autotroph | an organism that obtain organic food molecules from simple carbon based molecules (CO2) |
| Heterotroph | an organism that must obtain more complex organic molecules like sugars by eating other organisms |
| photoautotroph | an organism that harnesses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds |
| photoheterotroph | an organism that uses light energy to generate ATP but must also obtain carbon in organic form |
| Chemotroph | an organism that obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances and need only CO2 as a carbon source |
| chemoheterotroph | an organism that requires organic molecules for both energy production and carbon source |
| polyp | Type of Cnidarian body plan in which the sessile animal adheres to the substrate by the aboral end of its body. |
| medusa | Type of Cnidarian body plan in which the motile animal has a bell-shaped body with its mouth on the underside. |
| Nematocysts | Organelle inside Cnidocytes that eject a stinging needle that is barbed and is its defense/hunting mechanism |
| ganglia | clusters of nerve cell bodies found throughout the body |
| hermaphrodites | an organism that has both male and female reproductive systems |
Created by:
BDunikov10
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