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Chapter 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| If source DNA is extracted from a eukaryotic organism and used to create transgenic bacteria, why will the mRNA transcribed from the recombinant DNA encode a defective protein in the bacteria? | Eukaryotic DNA contains introns, which bacteria cannot remove. |
| Transgenic organisms are designed to | express the protein product of the recombinant DNA. |
| Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme used to | make a DNA copy of mRNA. |
| What is a cloning vector? | a genetic structure that is used to carry source DNA into a recipient cell |
| How does mRNA transcribed from bacterial DNA differ from mRNA transcribed from eukaryotic DNA? | Only eukaryotic mRNA contains introns. |
| A bacterium that has received recombinant DNA containing the gene for human insulin will | produce human insulin along with the other proteins it normally produces. |
| A(n) ___________ enzyme is a type of protein that can cut double-stranded DNA at specific base sequences. | Restriction |
| How do researchers prepare an intron-free copy of a eukaryotic gene for use in creating transgenic bacteria? | use reverse transcriptase to make cDNA from mature mRNA |
| Some restriction enzymes produce ______ ends in both the source DNA and plasmid DNA, and these ends can stick to each other by ______. | single-stranded; complementary base pairing |
| What is the cloning vector used to transfer an herbicide-resistance gene from Agrobacterium to a plant cell? | Ti Plasmid |
| What are proteins that cut both source and vector DNA used to create recombinant DNA? | Restriction Enzymes |
| What is required for the first-generation DNA sequencing method? | -terminator nucleotides -DNA polymerase -normal nucleotides -primers |
| Source and vector DNA that is cut with the same restriction enzyme can have complementary ______ that can base pair with each other and be sealed by ligase. | Sticky Ends |
| DNA sequencing is a technology that allows scientists to | determine the nucleotide sequence of genes, chromosomes, or genomes. |
| The technology that is used to produce millions of copies of a DNA sequence in a test tube is called | Polymerase chain reaction |
| When trying to detect genetic differences between two individuals, one advantage of DNA profiling over whole genome sequencing is that DNA profiling uses just the ______ regions of DNA for comparison. | Most variable |
| An undifferentiated cell that can give rise to specialized cell types is called a(n) ______ cell. | Stem |
| In biotechnology, the process of analyzing variable parts of a genome to detect genetic differences between individuals is called | DNA Profiling |
| Stem cells are said to be ______, which means that they can give rise to specialized cell types but do not have a specialized role yet. | Undifferentiated |
| Select all of the following that are steps in preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). | -Amplified DNA is exposed to DNA probe for disease-causing allele. -Eggs fertilized in vitro. -An embryo with DNA that does not contain disease-causing alleles is implanted into mother's uterus. -DNA extracted from an embryonic cell /amplified by PCR. |
| DNA profiling often focuses on STRs, which are | repeated sequences of a few nucleotides. |
| Embryonic stem cells are totipotent and able to ______. However, adult stem cells are pluripotent and able to ________. | produce all cell types of the body; produce a limited subset of cell types |
| Adult stem cells are ______, able to give rise to a limited set of cell types, whereas embryonic stem cells are ______, able to give rise to ALL cell types. | pluripotent; totipotent |
| Select all the potential applications of stem cell technology. | treat currently incurable diseases replace injured or damaged tissue provide specific cells for drug testing |
| Select all of the following that are steps in preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) | DNA is extracted from embryonic cell /amplified by PCR, an embryo with DNA that does not contain disease-causing alleles implanted into the mother's uterus, amplified DNA is exposed to a DNA probe for disease-causing allele, eggs are fertilized in vitro |
| A ______ organism is an organism that has been engineered to contain ______ DNA. | transgenic; recombinant |
| Enforcing the law, relieving human suffering, and modifying the human food supply are all applications of | DNA technology. |
| How do researchers prepare an intron-free copy of a eukaryotic gene for use in creating transgenic bacteria? | Use reverse transcriptase to make cDNA from mature mRNA |
| To create a transgenic organism, researchers must use a cloning ______, such as a plasmid, to carry source DNA into a recipient cell. | Vector |
| What are the 4 steps in creating a transgenic organism? | -acquire source DNA -cut source and vector DNA -mix donor and vector DNA -insert recombinant DNA |
| Source and vector DNA that is cut with the same restriction enzyme can have complementary ______ that can base pair with each other and be sealed by ligase. | Sticky Ends |
| Select ways that a recombinant plasmid can be inserted into a bacterial cell. | Gene guns/electricity |
| A common type of cloning vector is a(n) , _which is a small circle of double-stranded DNA separate from the cell's chromosome. | Plasmid |
| Select current uses of transgenic bacteria and yeasts. | Degradation of pollutants, production of milk curding enzymes for the cheese industry, and production of phenylalanine. |
| DNA sequencing is a technology that allows scientists to | determine the nucleotide sequence of genes, chromosomes, or genomes. |
| Select all of the following that are required for the first-generation DNA sequencing method. | -terminator nucleotides -primers -normal nucleotides -DNA polymerase |
| DNA sequences that are very similar to protein-encoding genes but are not translated are called ______, which may be remnants of old genes that once functioned in ancestors. | pseudogenes |
| Select all of the following that compose the 98.5% of the human genome that does not encode proteins. | -repetitive sequences -enhancers -DNA that codes for rRNA and tRNA -pseudogenes -transposons |
| ATTCGATTCG repeated many times, the number varying from person to person, is a type of noncoding DNA called a ______ and is often used in DNA profiling. | Tandem Repeat |
| The technology that is used to produce millions of copies of a DNA sequence in a test tube is called | Polymerase Chain Reaction |
| Order the following steps of the polymerase chain reaction, beginning with the first step at the top. Instructions | -add target dna -heat seperate -cool to allow -dna polymerase -heat and cool again to produce 4 copies -heat and cool again to produce 8 copies |
| Technique that uses viruses to deliver "healthy" DNA into cells that have defective genes | Gene Therapy |
| Technique for producing cloned animals | Somatic Cell Transfer |
| Technique used to separate pieces of DNA produced during DNA sequencing | Electrophoresis |
| Piece of DNA used to detect complementary pieces of DNA | Probe |
| Molecular machinery cuts a sequence of target DNA | CRISPR-Cas9 |
| Put the labels in the correct sequence to describe how researchers create a transgenic plant. | -Use restriction enzymes to create recomb. plasmid -Insert recomb plasmid into bact. -Infect plant cells with transgenic bact. -bac. inserts recomb. plasmid into plant cell DNA -DNA replic. /cell division within cells produce copies of recomb. DNA |
| What are some effects of gene therapy? Select all that apply. | 1. insert "healthy" genes into cells 2. silence genes that cause diseases 3. potentially enhance performance or appearance |
| Select all the reasons why STRs are commonly examined in DNA profiling. | 1. The chances are extremely low that the STR pattern at all loci is identical between two unrelated individuals. 2. STRs are extremely variable and have many possible alleles at each site. |
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Sydboyer15
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