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Ch. 8&9
Use these flashcards to study for our Ch. 8&9 Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a plant's growth response toward or away from a stimulus | tropism |
| anything that causes a response from an organism | stimulus |
| types of stimuli that can cause tropisms in plants | light, gravity, touch |
| growth toward light | positive phototropism |
| growth toward the pull of gravity | positive gravitropism |
| growth toward something a plant touches | thigmotropism |
| a chemical made by a plant that affects how other plant structures grow | hormone |
| A plant hormone that causes cells to enlarge and cell division to slow | auxin |
| Plant hormones that stimulate cell division | cytokinins |
| A plant hormone that maintains dormancy in seeds | abscisic acid |
| plant hormone that stimulates fruits to ripen & leaves to fall | ethylene |
| a plant that does not bloom until the nights are longer than the critical night length | short-day plant |
| plants that bloom only when the period of day is longer than a specific period of darkness | long-day plants |
| plants whose flowering cycle is not sensitive to periods of light and dark | day-neutral plants |
| the tropism that most affects stems | phototropism |
| the tropism that most affects roots | gravitropism |
| the tropism involved with climbing vines | thigmotropism |
| plants that grow when conditions are right no matter the length of day or night | day-neutral plants |
| growth toward a stimulus | positive tropism |
| growth away from a stimulus | negative tropism |
| group of angiosperms with vascular bundles throughout the stem | monocot |
| group of angiosperms with vascular bundles in a ring within the stem | dicot |
| 2 functions of roots | absorption of water & nutrients |
| 2 functions of stem | transport of materials between leaves and roots |
| primary function of leaf | absorb light for photosynthesis to make food (sugar) |
| one main vertical root with smaller roots branching | taproot system |
| A root system made up of many roots that are about the same size | fibrous root system |
| the points at which leaves, branches or flowers are produced on a stem | nodes |
| clusters of xylem and phloem in a stem | vascular bundles |
| forms in which plants store energy for the long term | starch, oils |
| structural use of sugars by the plant | to make cellulose for cell walls |
| the way cells in the leaf use sugar | broken down to release energy for the cells |
| The waxy, waterproof layer that covers the leaves of most plants. | cuticle |
| outer layer of cells of a leaf | epdermis |
| the upper layer of cells in a leaf where most photosynthesis occurs | palisade layer |
| The layer of the leaf that has loosely packed cells with air spaces between | spongy layer |
| Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move | stomata (stoma) |
| The two cells that form the stoma and regulate its opening and closing | guard cells |
| vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant | xylem |
| Living vascular tissue that carries sugar or food throughout a plant | Phloem |
| a vascular bundle in a leaf | vein |
| annual rings result from | different growth rates of cells during the year |
| part of annual ring that forms when water and light are abundant | lighter ring |
| part of annual ring that forms when there isn't much light and water available | darker ring |
| the outer layer of bark | cork |
| layer of tissue that produces the outer covering of stems | cork cambium |
| 2 factors that help plants to stand | cellulose in cell walls |
| What some plant stems have to give them more structure | fibers |
| study of plants | botany |
| What are characteristics of plants? | Eukaryotic, multicellular, have plastids and tissues, cell walls of cellulose, multi-stage life cycle |
| the waxy coating of leaves | cuticle |
| Two main characteristics for plant classification | whether they have vascular tissues and whether they produce seeds |
| tissue that conducts water and materials in some plants | vascular tissues |
| Two types of vascular tissue | xylem and phloem |
| 3 Major categories of plants | Nonvascular, Seedless vascular, Seed-bearing vascular |
| Another name for nonvascular plants | bryophytes |
| Necessary structures to be classified as true roots, stems or leaves | vascular tissues |
| How do nonvascular plants reproduce? | with spores |
| lower part of a bryophyte | gametophyte |
| upper part of a bryophyte | sporophyte |
| Two parts of a nonvascular sporophyte | stalk and capsule |
| Three examples of bryophytes | liverworts, hornworts, moss |
| type of environment for bryophytes | moist and shady |
| One obvious difference between vascular and nonvascular plants | vascular plants can grow much larger |
| 3 examples of seedless vascular plants | ferns, club mosses, horsetails |
| fern leaf | frond |
| fern leaf when it emerges from the ground | fiddlehead |
| Most familiar type of plant | seed plants |
| What produces egg cells and pollen in seed plants? | spores |
| difference between seeds and spores | seeds are multicellular including an embryo. |
| What grows into the embryo? | zygote |
| the young plant that grows into the sporophyte | embryo |
| 2 main groups of seed plants | angiosperms and gymnosperms |
| 2 unique characteristics of angiosperms | Produce flowers and fruit |
| Difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms | angiosperm seeds are fully covered and they produce flowers |
| gymno- means | not fully covered |
| Many gymnosperms produce seeds in ______. | cones |
| Three groups or examples of gymnosperms | cycads, gingkos, conifers |
| How is a seed different from a spore? | spores are unicellular, seeds are multicellular |
| Formed when the egg and pollen combine | zygote |
| rootlike structures of bryophytes | rhizoids |
| A life cycle in which there is both the sporophyte and the gametophyte. | alternation of generations |
| What is necessary for all seedless plants to reproduce sexually? | water |
| Why is water necessary for non-vascular and seedless vascular plants to reproduce sexually? | the sperm must swim to the egg cell |
| Which generation are the ferns that are most commonly seen? | sporophyte |
| the brown dots on the bottom of a fern leaf are called | sori |
| All seedless plants release ______ for reproduction. | spores |
| Seed cones of a gymnosperm are what gender? | female |
| Male gymnosperm cones produce _________. | pollen |
| How is gymnosperm pollen spread from cone to cone? | by wind |
| What angiosperms produce that gymnosperms do not | flowers and fruit |
| the male part of a flower | stamen |
| the pollen producing part of a stamen | anther |
| the stalk of a stamen | filament |
| the stalk of a pistil | style |
| the structure associated with a carpel | pistil |
| the top of a pistil | stigma |
| the leaflike structures that protected a flower while it developed | sepals |
| Mature ovaries of a flower that contain the seed | fruit |
| Two ways that fruits and their seeds are spread | by wind or animals |
| What does a pollen grain on a stigma produce? | a pollen tube |
| the heart-shaped generation of a fern | gametophyte generation |
| The pollen and egg cells in a seed plant form from _______ | spores |
Created by:
Mr.JFoster
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