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Ch. 8&9
Use these flashcards to study for our Ch. 8&9 Test
Question | Answer |
---|---|
a plant's growth response toward or away from a stimulus | tropism |
anything that causes a response from an organism | stimulus |
types of stimuli that can cause tropisms in plants | light, gravity, touch |
growth toward light | positive phototropism |
growth toward the pull of gravity | positive gravitropism |
growth toward something a plant touches | thigmotropism |
a chemical made by a plant that affects how other plant structures grow | hormone |
A plant hormone that causes cells to enlarge and cell division to slow | auxin |
Plant hormones that stimulate cell division | cytokinins |
A plant hormone that maintains dormancy in seeds | abscisic acid |
plant hormone that stimulates fruits to ripen | leaves to fall |
a plant that does not bloom until the nights are longer than the critical night length | short-day plant |
plants that bloom only when the period of day is longer than a specific period of darkness | long-day plants |
plants whose flowering cycle is not sensitive to periods of light and dark | day-neutral plants |
the tropism that most affects stems | phototropism |
the tropism that most affects roots | gravitropism |
the tropism involved with climbing vines | thigmotropism |
plants that grow when conditions are right no matter the length of day or night | day-neutral plants |
growth toward a stimulus | positive tropism |
growth away from a stimulus | negative tropism |
group of angiosperms with vascular bundles throughout the stem | monocot |
group of angiosperms with vascular bundles in a ring within the stem | dicot |
2 functions of roots | absorption of water & nutrients |
2 functions of stem | transport of materials between leaves and roots |
primary function of leaf | absorb light for photosynthesis to make food (sugar) |
one main vertical root with smaller roots branching | taproot system |
A root system made up of many roots that are about the same size | fibrous root system |
the points at which leaves, branches or flowers are produced on a stem | nodes |
clusters of xylem and phloem in a stem | vascular bundles |
forms in which plants store energy for the long term | starch, oils |
structural use of sugars by the plant | to make cellulose for cell walls |
the way cells in the leaf use sugar | broken down to release energy for the cells |
The waxy, waterproof layer that covers the leaves of most plants. | cuticle |
outer layer of cells of a leaf | epdermis |
the upper layer of cells in a leaf where most photosynthesis occurs | palisade layer |
The layer of the leaf that has loosely packed cells with air spaces between | spongy layer |
Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move | stomata (stoma) |
The two cells that form the stoma and regulate its opening and closing | guard cells |
vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant | xylem |
Living vascular tissue that carries sugar or food throughout a plant | Phloem |
a vascular bundle in a leaf | vein |
annual rings result from | different growth rates of cells during the year |
part of annual ring that forms when water and light are abundant | lighter ring |
part of annual ring that forms when there isn't much light and water available | darker ring |
the outer layer of bark | cork |
layer of tissue that produces the outer covering of stems | cork cambium |
2 factors that help plants to stand | cellulose in cell walls |
What some plant stems have to give them more structure | fibers |
study of plants | botany |
What are characteristics of plants? | Eukaryotic, multicellular, have plastids and tissues, cell walls of cellulose, multi-stage life cycle |
the waxy coating of leaves | cuticle |
Two main characteristics for plant classification | whether they have vascular tissues and whether they produce seeds |
tissue that conducts water and materials in some plants | vascular tissues |
Two types of vascular tissue | xylem and phloem |
3 Major categories of plants | Nonvascular, Seedless vascular, Seed-bearing vascular |
Another name for nonvascular plants | bryophytes |
Necessary structures to be classified as true roots, stems or leaves | vascular tissues |
How do nonvascular plants reproduce? | with spores |
lower part of a bryophyte | gametophyte |
upper part of a bryophyte | sporophyte |
Two parts of a nonvascular sporophyte | stalk and capsule |
Three examples of bryophytes | liverworts, hornworts, moss |
type of environment for bryophytes | moist and shady |
One obvious difference between vascular and nonvascular plants | vascular plants can grow much larger |
3 examples of seedless vascular plants | ferns, club mosses, horsetails |
fern leaf | frond |
fern leaf when it emerges from the ground | fiddlehead |
Most familiar type of plant | seed plants |
What produces egg cells and pollen in seed plants? | spores |
difference between seeds and spores | seeds are multicellular including an embryo. |
What grows into the embryo? | zygote |
the young plant that grows into the sporophyte | embryo |
2 main groups of seed plants | angiosperms and gymnosperms |
2 unique characteristics of angiosperms | Produce flowers and fruit |
Difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms | angiosperm seeds are fully covered and they produce flowers |
gymno- means | not fully covered |
Many gymnosperms produce seeds in ______. | cones |
Three groups or examples of gymnosperms | cycads, gingkos, conifers |
How is a seed different from a spore? | spores are unicellular, seeds are multicellular |
Formed when the egg and pollen combine | zygote |
rootlike structures of bryophytes | rhizoids |
A life cycle in which there is both the sporophyte and the gametophyte. | alternation of generations |
What is necessary for all seedless plants to reproduce sexually? | water |
Why is water necessary for non-vascular and seedless vascular plants to reproduce sexually? | the sperm must swim to the egg cell |
Which generation are the ferns that are most commonly seen? | sporophyte |
the brown dots on the bottom of a fern leaf are called | sori |
All seedless plants release ______ for reproduction. | spores |
Seed cones of a gymnosperm are what gender? | female |
Male gymnosperm cones produce _________. | pollen |
How is gymnosperm pollen spread from cone to cone? | by wind |
What angiosperms produce that gymnosperms do not | flowers and fruit |
the male part of a flower | stamen |
the pollen producing part of a stamen | anther |
the stalk of a stamen | filament |
the stalk of a pistil | style |
the structure associated with a carpel | pistil |
the top of a pistil | stigma |
the leaflike structures that protected a flower while it developed | sepals |
Mature ovaries of a flower that contain the seed | fruit |
Two ways that fruits and their seeds are spread | by wind or animals |
What does a pollen grain on a stigma produce? | a pollen tube |
the heart-shaped generation of a fern | gametophyte generation |
2 Occupations of George Washington Carver | teacher and horticulturalist |
George Washington Carver suggested that farmers plant peanuts because: | they add nitrogen to the soil |
The pollen and egg cells in a seed plant form from _______ | spores |