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AStudent Stack HC120
A+Student-Created Pathophysiology HC120
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Four major buffer systems | sodium bicarbonate-carbonic acid system, phosphate, hemoglobin and protein system |
| Chloride ion (Cl-) | the major extracellular anion with a normal serum level of 98-106 mmol/liter |
| Magnesium (Mg2+) | an intracellular ion that has a normal serum level of 0.7-1.1 mmol/liter |
| Calcium (Ca2+) | ingested mainly in foods, especially in dairy (milk) products and stored in the bone |
| Potassium (K+) | major intracellular cation. Its serum levels are normally very low |
| Causes of hypokalemia | presence of excessive aldosterone or glucocorticoids in the body |
| Hypernatremia | excess sodium levels in the blood and extracellular fluid |
| Causes of hyponatremia | can result from excessive water intake diluting ion levels |
| Increased capillary permeability | reason for edema |
| Atrophy | decrease in cell size |
| hypertrophy | enlarged tissue mass |
| Risk of developing this increases with hyperplasia | cancer |
| metaplasia | when one mature cell type is replaced with another mature cell type |
| Dysplasia | detected by routine screening tests for atypical cells, e.g. Pap Smear |
| Neoplasms | another name for tumor |
| Apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| Anaplasia | cells with a variable number of nuclei, cell structure and numerous cell deaths |
| Ischemia | an oxygen deficit in cells |
| Necrosis | the death of a group of cells, usually due to disease |
| Pathophysiology | study of functional or physiologic changes in the body that result from disease processes |
| Plasma | blood fluid component that is easily measured |
| Anion Gap | the difference between the plasma concentration of the major measured cation (Na+) and the sum of the measured anions (Cl- and HCO3-) |
| Normal pH | 7.35-7.45 |
| Na+ | Sodium |
| RSV | common respiratory infection in young children, 2 to 12 months of age |
| Polyuria | increased urine output |
| Hypovolemia | decreased blood volume |
| H2CO3 | Carbonic Acid |
| HCO3- | Bicarbonate ion |
| K+ | Potassium |
| Parathyroid hormone | Deficits cause hypocalcemia, muscle spasms, hyperreflexia, seizures, bone deformities. |
| Causes of Hypernatremia | severe burns, excessive vomiting, diarrhea, and excessive salt intake. |
| HCO3- | interchangeable form with carbonic acid, is part of acid-base buffer system |
| ACE Inhibitors | used to treat congestive heart failure and high blood pressure. |
| Hypercapnia | physiologic state characterized by an increased pCO2 and decreased pH |
| Growth Hormone | severe deficiencies include: short stature, obesity, immature facial features, delayed puberty etc. |
| Hyponatremia | first symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, nausea, and headache |
| Calcium channel blocker | used to control high blood pressure, chest pain, and irregular heartbeats |
| Hypocapnia | characterized by a decrease in PCO2 and an increase in plasma pH |
| Hyperkalemia | released from damaged cells in cases of severe burns or crush injuries |
| Addison's Disease | the result of adrenal insufficiency with characterized by insufficient production of steroid hormones (both mineralcorticoids and glucoticoids) Aldosterone |
| Calcium Channel blockers | used to treat high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, abnormal heart rhythms, and chest pain |
| Hypokalemia | abnormally low levels may be caused by diarrhea, dietary deficiency, or excessive sweating |
| Thyroid hormone | manifestations include: Hypermetabolism, weight loss, diarrhea, exophthalmos, anxiety, goiter |
| Hypocalemia | below normal Calcium levels in the blood |
| Antidiuretic Hormone | Excessive water losses through the urine, thirst, dehydration, can progress to shock and death are deficits of |
| PCO2 | partial concentration carbon dioxide |
| Metabolic acidosis | decrease in plasma HCO3- |
| Metabolic alkalosis | increase in plasma HCO3- |
| Hypermagnesemia | second major intracellular ion, condition can develop with excessive use of antacids or laxatives |
| Diapedesis | the passage of leukocytes through intact capillary walls toward site of inflammation |
| Hypertrophy | increase in the size of an organ or muscle due to increased size of individual cells |
| Immunoglobulin | protein produced by plasma cells and lymphocytes, and which plays a central role in the body's immune response. |
| Leukocytosis | an above normal number of white blood cells in the blood. |
| Alkalosis | a decrease in the number of H+ ions and a resulting pH greater than 7.45 |
| Pruritus | itching sensation |
| Reservoir | a site where pathogens can survive, thrive and multiply. |
| Morbidity | rate at which a disease occurs, often quantified by the proportion of a group affected by a disease. |
| Malabsorption | impaired absorption of nutrients in the intestines |
Created by:
trellison
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