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April Friend
anatomy weeks 1-5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Medullary | inner region or core of an organ |
| Cortical | outer region or layer of an organ |
| Basal | base or widest part of an organ. |
| Apical | narrow tip of an organ |
| dorsal cavities | The dorsal cavities include the cranial cavity and spinal cavity. |
| ventral cavities | thoracic cavity (chest cavity) and the abdominopelvic cavity. |
| thoracic cavity | mediastinum & pleural cavities |
| mediastinum | contains the heart and other structures |
| pleural cavities | the lungs reside. |
| parietal | Outer/wall |
| Visceral | Inner |
| Abdominopelvic regions. Upper | 1. Right hypochondriac region 2. Epigastric region 3. Left hypochondriac region |
| Abdominopelvic regions Middle | 4. Right lumbar (flank) region 5. Umbilical region 6. Left lumbar (flank) region |
| Abdominopelvic regions Lower | 7. Right iliac (inguinal) region 8. Hypogastric (pubic) region 9. Left iliac (inguinal) region |
| supine | lying face up |
| prone | forward, face down |
| element | it cannot be broken down or decom-posed into two or more different substances. |
| compound | two or more elements are joined to form chemical combinations |
| octet rule | Atoms with fewer than eight electrons in the outer energy level will attempt to lose, gain, or share electrons with other atoms to achieve stability |
| Iso-topes | element that contains the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. they differ in mass number. |
| Ionic Bonds | A chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another |
| Covalent Bonds | A chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between the outer energy levels of two atoms, generally stronger than ionic bond |
| metabolism | describes all the chemical reactions that occur in body cells |
| Catabolism | chemical reactions that break down larger food molecules into smaller chemical units and, in so doing, often release energy |
| Anabolism | chemical reactions that require energy, chemical reactions that build larger and more complex chemical molecules from smaller subunits |
| de-hydration synthesis | It is a key reaction during anabolism. As a result of dehydration synthesis, water is removed as smaller subunits are fused together. |
| acid | any substance that will release a hydrogen ion (H) when in solution |
| Bases, or alkaline | bases will combine with or accept H ions (protons) when dissociated in solution |
| salt | any compound that results from the chemical interaction of an acid and a base. |
| cytoplasm | The inside of the cell is composed largely of a gel-like substance |
| Plasma membrane | Phospholipid bilayer, Serves as the boundary of the cell |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | Network of canals and sacs extending from the nuclear envelope; may have ribosomes attached |
| Golgi apparatus | Stack of flattened sacs (cisternae) surrounded by vesicles Synthesizes carbohydrate, combines it with protein, and packages the product as globules of glycoprotein |
| Vesicles | Tiny membranous bags, Temporarily contain molecules for transport or later use |
| Lysosomes | Tiny membranous bags containing Digestive enzymes break down defective cell parts (autophagy) and ingested particles; a cell’s “digestive system”; some lysosomes involved in membrane repair or secretion |
| Peroxisomes | Tiny membranous bags containing enzymes detoxify harmful substances in the cell |
| Mitochondria | Catabolism; adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis; a cell’s “power plants |
| Nucleus | Houses the genetic code, which in turn dictates protein synthesis, thereby playing an essential role in other cell activities, namely, cell transport, metabolism, and growth |
| Ribosomes | Site of protein synthesis; a cell’s “protein factories” |
| Proteasomes | Hollow protein cylinders with embedded enzymes Destroys misfolded or otherwise abnormal proteins manufactured by the cell; a “quality control” mechanism for protein synthesis |
| Cytoskeleton | Supporting framework of the cell and its organelles; functions in cell movement (using molecular motors); forms cell extensions (microvilli, cilia, flagella) |
| Centrosome | Region of cytoskeleton that includes two cylindrical groupings of microtubules called centrioles, Acts as the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) of the cell; centrioles assist in forming and organizing microtubules |
| Microvilli | Short, fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane; supported internally by microfilaments, Tiny, fingerlike extensions that increase a cell’s absorptive surface area |
| Cilia and flagella | Cilia move substances over the cell surface or detect changes outside the cell; flagella propel sperm cells, Moderate (cilia) to long (flagella) hairlike extensions of plasma membrane |
| Nucleolus | Site of formation of ribosome subunits, Dense area of chromatin and related molecules within nucleus, Site of formation of ribosome subunits |
| keratin | Keratinocytes eventually become filled with a tough, fibrous protein |
| Melanocytes | contribute colored pigments to the skin and serve to decrease the amount of ultraviolet (UV) light that can penetrate into the deeper layers of the skin |
| stratum basale | “base layer, deepest stratum of the epithelium undergo mitosis |
| stratum germinativum | growth layer |
| stratum spinosum | irregularly shaped cells with very prominent intercellular bridges, or desmosomes. |
| Stratum granulosum | granular layer, sur-face keratin formation begins |
| stratum lucidum | “clear layer |
| stratum corneum | at the skin surface are dead and continually being shed and replaced |
| Dermis | Deep primary layer of the skin; made up of fibrous tissue; also includes some blood and lymphatic vessels (c), muscles, and nerves; derived from mesoderm |
| Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer; superficial fascia | connective tissue and adipose tissue; under the skin, connect the skin strongly to underlying structures |
| Ligaments | fibrous bands that help hold the various bones together into an organized skeleton |
| Bones | rigid, mineralized structures that help perform five major roles in the body: Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral Storage, Hematopoiesis |
| Diaphysis | main shaft like portion. Its hollow, cylindrical shape and the thick compact bone |
| Epiphyses | proximal and distal ends of a long bone, spongy, or cancellous, bone, red marrow fills the spaces within this spongy bone |
| Periosteum | —dense, white fibrous membrane that covers bone except at joint surfaces, where articular cartilage forms the covering |
| Medullary cavity | tubelike hollow space in the diaphysis of a long bone, also called a marrow cavity. In the adult the medullary cavity is filled with connective tissue rich in fat—a substance called yellow marrow |
| Endosteum | a thin, fibrous membrane that lines the medullary cavity of long bones |
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a.friend688
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