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Med term ch 3-9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Endocrine and nervous system | main controlling systems in the body |
| Endocrine (endocrine/o) system | is a group of glands that secrete hormones that regulate functions of the body |
| Hormones released | have specific tissues that they target |
| are the endocrine glands ductless | yes |
| Target tissues | have receptors that are specific to certain hormones |
| Even in small amounts | Hormones are potent |
| Some target tissues include | Growth, reproduction, metabolism, and behavior. |
| Steroid hormones | Made from lipids (lip/o); produced by gonads (sex glands), and adrenal glands (on top of the kidney) (adrenal/o) |
| Amino acid hormones | made from proteins; is made from all other glands |
| Pituitary gland | Connected to the hypothalamus (the part of the brain that maintains homeostasis in the body); Hypothalamus is connected to both lobes and controls two lobes posterior and anterior pituitary. |
| Posterior Pituitary | Releases 2 hormones; Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)- has action on the kidneys and constricting blood vessels to increase blood pressure; Oxytocin- stimulates urine, contractions, and lactation. |
| Anterior Pituitary | Produces 6 hormones; One is somatropin (stimulates bone growth and other tissues) (somat/o- body) (Tropin- acting on another gland); The other hormones regulate other glands (thyroid, adrenal glands, gonads, and mammary glands) |
| Growth hormone | promotes tissue growth |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH | stimulates thyroid gland to produce |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone | stimulates adrenal cortex to make cortisol (stress hormone) to help with injury and pain |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone | stimulates ovaries to develop and make follicle; stimulates teste growth and promote sperm development |
| Luteinizing hormone | helps develop corpus luteum in ruptured ovarian follicle; stimulates testosterone in males |
| Prolactin | stimulates milk secretion in mammary glands |
| Excess GH | (children gigantism, adults acromegaly-enlargement of hands, feet, and facial features. Cause, usually tumor) (adenoma, aden/o- gland) ( oma-tumor) |
| Low GH | failure to grow (dwarfism), decreased bone density |
| High TSH | trying to stimulate more from thyroid because hypothyroid is occuring |
| Low TSH | too much thyroid function |
| Cushing disease | excess cortisol cause by pituitary tumor that increased ACTH production. Will have moon shaped face, fluid retention, increased hair growth |
| Addisons disease | adrenal cortex damage or pituitary malfunction causing a decrease in ACTH, which decreases cortisol and cause hypotension, hypoglycemia, and hyperkalemia. |
| Excess LH | could mean menopause or polycystic ovary syndrome |
| Decreased LH | lacking nutrition, pituitary issues, increased stress |
| Excess prolactin | decreased estrogen and testosterone |
| Decreased prolactin | poor milk production postpartum |
| Graves disease symptoms | most common cause of hyperthyroidism; rapid heartbeat (palpitations), increased appetite, weight loss, feeling shaky and/or nervous, diarrhea and/or more frequent bowel movements |
| Goiter | Iodine deficiency- drops hormone production. In an attempt to increase production, thyroid enlarges |
| Hashimoto's disease | autoimmune disorder that inflames the thyroid gland causing a decrease in hormones (hypothyroid). In attempt to increase production, thyroid enlarges. |
| Graves disease | autoimmune disorder that produces a protein that mimics TSH. This causes the thyroid to increase in size from increased stimulation. |
| Antidiuretic hormone | promotes water absorption by the kidneys and causes blood vessels to constrict |
| Oxytocin | causes uterine contractions and milk ejection for the mammary glands |
| Excess ADH | serum of inappropriate diuretic hormone |
| Decreased ADH | diabetes insipidus |
| Excess oxytocin | can cause uterine muscle to be too thick to allow pregnancy |
| Decreased oxytocin | can stop labor, and cause hemorrhage after birth. |
| Cushing disease | excess cortisol caused by an pituitary tumor that increased ACTH production. Will have moon shaped face, fluid retention, increased hair growth, obesity, thin extremities, bruise easily. |
| Infectious | pathogens (microorganisms and other parasites) |
| Degenerative | wear, tear, structural problems, break downs |
| Immune disorders | failure of the immune system, allergies, autoimmune disorders |
| metabolic disorders | lack of enzymes or components for cellular function. Not taking in or absorbing nutrients |
| Hormonal disorders | under or over production of hormones that don't function properly |
| Mental and emotional | Affect the mind and adaptation of an individual to their environment. |
| Inflammation | Injured cells release chemicals that allow blood cells and fluids to move into the tissue. This causes heat, pain, redness, and swelling; Suffix- itis |
| Phagocytosis | The method the body uses to get rid of invaders, damaged cells and other debris; the end product is pus. |
| Immunity | This is all of our defenses against infectious disease. Innate- inflammation and phagocytosis. Mechanical barriers- skin, body secretions. Adaptive immunity- develop from exposure. |
| Inspection | visual exam |
| Auscultation | Listening to body sounds with a stethoscope |
| Palpitation | Touching the surface of the body with hands or fingers |
| Percussion | Tapping the body to evaluate by sound |
| Radiography | X rays |
| Ultrasonography | Visual image that comes echoes of high-frequency sound waves |
| Fluoroscopy | Uses X rays to examine deep structures using the shadows cast by X rays on a fluorescent screen. |
| CT | Computed tomography. Uses a large number of X rays passed through the body at different angles to create a 3D image in cross section layers |
| MRI | Magnetic resonance imaging- uses magnetic field and radio waves to see the characteristics of soft tissue based of difference in their molecular properties |
| PET | positron emission tomography- can measure metabolic activity of an organ. Uses something simple like glucose and adds a positron-emitting isotope that can be seen by the scanner as it is metabolized |
| Acute | sudden, severe; having a short course |
| benign | Not a recurrent or malignant, favorable for recovery, describing a tumor that does not spread to other tissues |
| carcinoma | A malignant neoplasm composed of epithelial cells |
| chronic | of long duration, progressing slowly |
| cyst | an abnormal filled sac or pouch; used as a root meaning a normal bladder or sac, such as the urinary bladder or gallbladder |
| edema | accumulation of fluid in the tissues, swelling; adjective: edematous |
| etiology | the cause of a disease |
| hernia | protrusion of an organ through an abnormal opening; commonly called rupture |
| lesion | a distant area of damage tissue, an injury or wound |
| malignant | growing worse, harmful, tending to cause death, describing an invasive tumor that can spread to other tissues |
| metastasis | spread from one part of the body to another, characteristic of cancer; verb is metastasize, adjective: metastatic |
| microorganism | an organism too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope |
| necrosis | death of tissue |
| neoplasia | an abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue; from prefix neo- meaning new and root plasm meaning formation |
| neoplasm | a tumor, or abnormal growth, which may be benign or malignant |
| parasite | an organism that grows on or in another organism, causing damage to it |
| pathogen | an organism capable of causing disease |
| prolapse | a dropping or downward displacement of an organ or part, ptosis |
| pus | a product of inflammation consisting of fluid and white blood cells |
| sarcoma | a malignant neoplasm arising from connective tissue; adjective: sarcomatous |
| sepsis | the presence of harmful microorganisms or their toxins in the blood or other tissues; adjective: septic |
| toxin | a poison |
| trauma | a physical or psychological wound or injury |
| carcin/o | cancer, carcinoma |
| alg/o, algi/o, algesi/o | pain |
| cyst/o | filled sac or pouch, cyst, bladder |
| lith | calculus, stone |
| onc/o | tumor |
| path/o | disease |
| py/o | pus |
| pyr/o, pyret/o | fever, fire |
| scler/o | hard |
| tox/o, toxix/o | poison |
| brady | slow |
| dys | abnormal, painful, difficult |
| mal | bad, poor |
| pachy | thick |
| xero | dry |
| algia, algesia | pain |
| cele | hernia, localized dilation |
| clasis,clasia | breaking |
| itis | inflammation |
| megaly | enlargement |
| odynis | pain |
| oma | tumor |
| pathy | any disease of |
| rhage, rhagia | bursting forth, profuse flow, hemorrhage |
| rhea | flow, discharge |
| rhexis | rupture |
| schisis | fissure, splitting |
| dilation, dilatation; | expansion, widening |
| ectasia,ectasia | dilation, dilatation, distension |
| edema | accumulation of fluid, swelling |
| lysis | separation, loosening, dissolving, destruction |
| malacia | softening |
| necrosis | death of tissue |
| ptosis | dropping, downward displacement, prolapse |
| sclerosis | hardening |
| spasm | sudden contraction, cramp |
| stasis | suppression, stoppage |
| stenosis | narrowing, constriction |
| toxin | poison |
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