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Gene expression
HBIO3 unit 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What did Fredrick Griffith find | he found that there was something that transformed a non-virulent strain of bacteria to a virulent strain in 1928 |
| What did Griffith's experiment use | he used a smooth strain (s) with a protective capsule that kills mice, and a rough strain (r) that has no capsule so it doesn't affect mice |
| What happened in Griffith's experiment | He heat-killed the smooth strain which didn't affect the mice but when he mixed that with the rough strain, it was turned into living smooth strain |
| What did Oswald Avery find | He found that DNA was the transforming factor, but didn't understand how - 1944 |
| What happened in Avery's experiment | He mixed killed smooth strain and living rough strain bacteria with enzymes and found when DNAse is present, the mice live |
| What did Hershey and Chase do | They tracked DNA and PRO and found that DNA was being copied not PRO |
| What did Hershey and Chase's experiment use | -Bacteriophage (virus that infects bacteria) -Ratiolabelled phoshorus (found in DNA) -Ratiolabelled sulfur (found in PRO) |
| What happened in Hershey and Chase's experiment | The virus injected it's DNA into the bacterium, who's DNA was then transformed into the viruses, meaning phosphorus was found in the bacterium, not sulfur |
| The chemical formula for Deoxyribose and Phosphate group is | C5H10O4 and Po4- |
| The nitrogen bases are | Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), and Thymine (T) |
| Purines are | Adenine and Guanine - doubled ringed and larger |
| Pyrimidines are | Cytosine and Thymine - single ringed |
| The base pairs are | -Guanine and Cytosine (3 H+ bonds) -Adenine and Thymine (2 H+ bonds) |
| DNA replication | -happens during s phase in the nucleus -is a semiconservative process -requires multiple enz |
| Helicase | cuts H+ bonds and unwinds DNA creating the replication fork |
| Single-stranded binding (SSB) protein | prevent strands from reattaching |
| Primase | lays down RNA primers for polymerase |
| DNA Polymerase | Adds new bases in the 3'->5' direction and replaces RNA primers with correct nucleotides |
| Topoisomerase | prevents overwinding ahead of replication fork |
| Okazaki fragments | pieces/sections of newly made lagging strand |
| DNA Polymerase 𝝳 and 𝜶 | - 𝝳 adds new bases and checks for errors and - 𝜶 adds bases where RNA primers were |
| Protein synthesis is | A process in which cells make proteins |
| Transcription is | making mRNA from DNA in the nucleus |
| Transcription first 2 steps | 1) DNA is unwound and the strands are separated 2) RNA polymerase used the template strand containing the gene to form the mRNAi |
| Transcription last 2 steps | 3) the iotrons are removed from the mRNAi and the exons are spliced together to from the mRNAm 4) The mRNAm leaves the nucleus through the nucleus poles |
| Translation happens in | the cytoplasm |
| Translation first 2 steps | 1) 2 ribosomal subunits "sandwich" the mRNAm and move the start codon (AUG) into the reading window 2) the 1st tRNA with the anticodon that is complementary to the start will enter the A site of the reading window |
| Translation last 2 steps | 3) The mRNAm will shift in the reading window and the new tRNA will arrive at A site peptide bonds will continue to form between adjacent Aa's 4) When a stop codon enters the reading window the ribosome will release the mRNAm |
| The 2 steps of protein synthesis is | 1) Transcription 2)Translation |
| The 3 types of RNA are | 1) Messenger - mRNA 2) Ribosomal - rRNA 3) Transfer - tRNA |
| Differences between DNA and RNA | 1) DNA has 2 strands - RNA has 1 strand 2) DNA has deoxyribose sugar - RNA has ribose sugar 3) DNA has thymine (T) - RNA has uracil (U) |
| mRNA is | -made from DNA template during transcription -carries instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for -2 forms: mRNAi (made of introns + exons) and mRNAm (only exons) |
| rRNA is | -RNA part of a ribosome -Reads mRNA codons and attaches Aa together |
| A ribosome is made of | Protein and rRNA |
| tRNA is | -carries specific Aa -has an anticodon on bottom (matches with codon) |
Created by:
erica.y
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