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Biology DNA
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adaptation | a developed characteristic that enhances an organism’s survival in its natural environment |
| Adaptive Radiation | the relatively fast evolution of many species from a single common ancestor |
| Adult Stem Cells | cells that can make certain types of body cells |
| Allele Frequency | the proportion of a specific allele in a population |
| Allopatric Speciation | speciation that occurs between two populations that are geographically isolated |
| Artificial Selection | the process by which humans breed animals or plants in such a way to increase the proportion of chosen phenotypic traits |
| Bottleneck Effect | chance effects on allele frequencies in a population as a result of a major reduction in population size |
| Common Ancestor | a species from which other species have evolved |
| Differentiate | become different from others |
| Dominant | the characteristic that is expressed in the homozygous condition |
| Embryonic stem cells | cells found in the embryo that are capable of becoming any cell type found in the body of a complex organism |
| Emigration | the movement of individuals and their alleles out of a population, and thus out of a gene pool |
| Environmental Selection | pressures external agents which influence the ability of an individual to survive in their environment |
| Evolution | the process of gradual change in the gene pool of a population of organisms that results in new species |
| Fitness | the ability to survive and pass genetic material on to the next generation |
| Founder Effect | chance effects on allele frequencies in a population that is formed from a small unrepresentative sample of a larger population |
| Founder Population | a small group of organisms that starts a new population |
| Gene Flow | the movement of individuals and their genetic material between populations |
| Gene Pool | the range of genes and all their alleles present in a population |
| Gene Splicing | the process used to add a gene into or remove genes from DNA |
| Gene Therapy | the process of replacing a defective gene with a normal gene |
| Genetic Diversity | the amount of genetic variation there is within a population’s gene pool |
| Genetic Drift | a change in the gene pool of a population as a result of chance; usually occurs in small populations |
| Genetically Modified | having the genes changed |
| Genome | the genetic information carried by a haploid set of chromosomes |
| Genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism; also refers to the combination of alleles at a particular gene locus |
| Geographically Isolated | the isolation of two or more populations due to a geographical barrier |
| Germline Cells | sex cells (sperm and egg) that are also known as gametes, that may pass on genetic information to the next generation |
| Heterozygous | having two different alleles on homologous chromosomes |
| Homozygous | having two identical alleles on homologous chromosomes |
| Human Genome Project | an international project that aims to identify all the human genes and determine the sequence of the base pairs that make up human chromosomes |
| Immigration | the movement of individuals and their alleles into a population, and thus into a gene pool |
| Incomplete Dominance | where the appearance of a heterozygous individual results from a ‘blending’ of the two alleles because one allele is not completely dominant over the other |
| Induced Pluripotent Skin Cells (iPSCs) | mature cells that have been induced to revert to their pluripotent (capable of becoming any type of human cell) state |
| Inheritable | capable of being passed on to the next generation |
| Interbreed | the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids |
| Isolation | the process in which populations are separated and gene flow is reduced or stopped |
| Isolating Mechanism | a mechanism that prevents organisms from mating or producing viable offspring |
| Microevolution | refers to any change in the gene pool of a population. The significant outcome of natural selection pressure is a change in the frequency of various alleles within a population, a process called microevolution |
| Monomers | smaller building blocks which combine to form polymers |
| Mutation | a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence of a gene that leads to the formation of new alleles |
| Natural selection | the process where individuals with certain inheritable traits survive and reproduce more successfully than other individuals, leading to evolutionary change in the population |
| Phenotype | observable characteristics of the individual; the way the genotype is expressed |
| Plasmid | ring of DNA found in bacteria |
| Pluripotent | capable of becoming any one of the 220 different cell types found in the human body |
| Polymerisation | process of monomers combining to form polymers |
| Polymers | large molecules made of smaller parts |
| Population | a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area |
| Population Genetics | is the study of allele frequencies in populations and how they change over time in response to various evolutionary processes |
| Postzygotic Isolating Mechanisms | barriers that prevent a fertile offspring developing after mating |
| Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms | barriers that prevent an organism from finding and securing a mate |
| Pure breeding | where all individuals have the same genetic information for a characteristic generation after generation |
| Recessive | the characteristic that remains hidden in the homozygous condition |
| Recombinant DNA technology | technology that allows DNA to be recombined with other genes |
| Reproductively Isolated | the inability of species to breed and produce fertile offspring |
| Sampling Error | differences that occur when a sample or subset is not representative of an initial population |
| Sex-Linked Genes | genes present on the sex chromosomes |
| Selection | the process in which a variant is more advantageous under certain selective pressures, enhancing its chance of survival and reproduction |
| Selection Pressures | factors that influence the survival of an individual within a population |
| Selective Advantage | relative higher genetic fitness of a phenotype compared with other phenotypes controlled by the same gene |
| Selective Breeding | a process of mating that is not random but uses parents chosen on the basis of particular phenotypic characteristics that they display unrepresentative sample a sample or subset that is not representative of the allele frequencies in an initial population |
| Speciation | the evolution of one or more new species from an ancestral species |
| Sympatric Speciation | speciation that occurs between two populations that have no geographical barrier between them |
| Variation | differences exhibited among members of a population owing to the action of genes |
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