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ib 105 (final) 2
Environmental Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ecology | study of the interrelationship between organisms and their environment |
| biotic | living portions of the environment = predation, parasitism, competition |
| abiotic | nonliving factors = rain, soil, temperature |
| evolution | a change over time in gene frequencies within a population. |
| what is evolution? | characteristics change over generations = traits have genetic basis, evolution doesn't occur within an individual, evolution doesn't occur within a generation |
| natural selection | process that determines which individuals within a species will reproduce and pass their genes to the next generation |
| Evolution by natural selection (3 facts) | = must be variation among individuals of a species, variation must be heritable, variations must lead to differential reproduction |
| mechanisms of evolution | natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, migration, sexual selection |
| coevolution | when two or more species interact closely they can influence each other's evolutionary direction (change in one species will lead to evolutionary change in the other) |
| Paul Ehrlich | american lifestyle is driving the global ecosystem to the brink of collapse (consumption of resources would drive prices up) |
| Julian Simon | argued human ingenuity, not resources, limits economic growth and lifestyles (tech would replace any potential shortages and prices would fall) |
| tolerance limits | refers to minimum and maximum levels beyond which a species cannot survive or reproduce |
| niche | total set of environmental factors that determines a species' distribution |
| 5 interactions amongst organisms | predation, competition, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism |
| predation | one animal consumes another (+/-) |
| competition | organisms compete for the same limited resource (-/-) |
| parasitism | living in or on another organism = derives nourishment (+/-) |
| commensalism | one organism benefits while another in unaffected (+/0) |
| Mutualism | both species benefit (+/+) |
| keystone | species that plays an essential role in community stability |
| umbrella | species that can be used as surrogate for the heath/status of the entire community (need area) |
| indicator | species provides information about the quality of the area) |
| How many degrees of separation are between food webs? | 2 degrees on average |
| how have people changed environment interactions? | introduced species, habitat destruction or alteration, hunting |
| strategies prey developed to avoid being eaten | cryptic coloration, warning coloration. mullerian mimicry, batesian mimicry |
| why are species declining? | habitat (85%), invasive species (49%), pollution (24%), over-exploitation (17%), disease (3%) |
| Mortality Type 1 | survival is high until old age |
| M. Type 2 | Mortality is spread evenly among all age groups |
| M. Type 3 | Very high mortality rate among young |
| What influences population growth? | birth rate, sex ratio, age distribution, dispersal, emigration, immigration |
| population density | number of individuals per unit area |
| exponential growth | number of individuals in each generation is a multiple of previous generation |
| logistic growth | describes "S" shaped growth curve |
| environmental resistance | limiting factor in environment influencing carrying capacity |
| what determines carrying capacity (4)? | raw material availability, energy availability, waste accumulation and disposal, organism interaction |
| Life history traits | characteristics of an individual that influences survival and reproduction |
| life history traits (4 factors) | age of maturity, number of offspring, number of reproductive events, lifespan |
Created by:
cruz8
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