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ib 105 (final)
Environmental Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define science and list assumptions it has | a process used to solve problems or develop an understanding of nature. involved testing possible answers |
| good hypothesis | take into account all known facts, be as simple as possible, be testable and falsifiable |
| controlled manipulative experiment | control = separate variables and divide experiment into control groups, manipulative experiment = experiment factors are varied to test hypothesis |
| why are hypothesis never proven true? | there can always be additional ways of changing the experiment |
| scientific theory | accepted, plausible generalization about fundamental scientific concepts that explain why things happen |
| law | uniform or constant fact of nature that describes what happens in nature |
| hypothesis | logical statement that potentially explains an event, or answers a question |
| limitations of science | restricted to being logically tested and falsified, multiple hypo. can explain observed results, results interpreted different ways = diff conclusions, hypo is constantly reevaluated as info is gained |
| define statistics and they're importance | applied mathematics concerned with collection of interpretation of qualitative data |
| scientific method | gaining information about world by forming possible solutions to questions followed by testing |
| environmental science | study that includes applied and theoretical aspects of human impact on the world |
| environment | everything that affects an organism in its lifetime |
| accuracy | nearness to the true value |
| precision | repeatability/ reproducibility of a measurement |
| wilderness | areas with minimal human influence |
| deadzone | water devoid of oxygen in gulf of mexico |
| Name two naturalist | Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau |
| Ralph W. Emerson | wrote "behind nature, throughout nature, spirit is present" in 1836 |
| Henry D. Thoreau | published "Walden" in 1854 |
| George Perkins Marsh | "man and Nature" in 1864. book warned of ecological consequences of conquest |
| Gifford Pinchot | 1905 was chief of forest service, wanted forest protection "not because of beauty but to provide for man" |
| John Muir | did not believe that world was "just made for man". Formed Sierra Club in 1892, lobbied to create national park system |
| Aldo Leopold | wrote "A sand county Almanac" in 1949 |
| Rachael Carson | wrote "Silent springs" in 1962. warned about DDT |
| Mid 1800s - early 1900s | Preservation of nature ex. Yellowstone national park in 1872 |
| Mid 1900s | growing concern about health and ecological damage from pollution |
| April 22, 1970 | first earth day |
| Environmentalism in 1970s | Clean water act, clean air act, safe drinking water act, endangered species act, EPA |
| Environmentalism in 1980 | backlash against environmental movement, increased resource on public land, federal funding for energy conservation, relaxed air and water standards |
| Late 1980s | Wise-use movement, thinning ozone over Antarctica, Exxon valdez oil spill |
| 1990-present | Earth summit in rio de janeiro, kyoto protocol, clinton protected more land than any other administration and increased awareness |
| 2000s | bush = revision to clean air act |
| what are three schools of thought for sustainable development? | 1. econom. growth is necessary to finance pollution prevention, 2. science and tech advances = solve environ. issues, 3. econom. and environ. well being = reinforcing and must be pursued |
| 1. economic growth is necessary to finance pollution prevention | no need for change in fundamental economic policy, environmental issues are a matter of setting priorities |
| 2. science and technological advances can solve many environmental problems | no need for change in fundamental economic policy, environmental issues are a matter of setting priorities |
| economic and environmental well-being are mutually reinforcing, and must be pursued simultaneously | need for change in fundamental economic policy, economic growth will create it's own ruin if its environmental issues are not a priority |
| sustainable growth is a contradiction | can't keep growing indefinitely |
| sustainable use applies only to renewable resources | use them at rates within their capacity for renewal |
| renewable resource | can be formed or regenerated by natural processes |
| nonrenewable resources | cannot be replaced by natural processes |
| renewable | sunlight, wind, vegetation, air, animal life, water |
| nonrenewable | fossil fuels, mineral resources |
| Gaylord Nelson's 5 characteristics of sustainability | renewability, substitution, interdependence, adaptability, institutional commitment |
| renewability | use renewable resources no faster than they cab be replaced |
| substitution | when possible, use renewable resources instead of nonrenewable resources |
| interdependence | local communities recognize that larger system must also be sustainable (doesn't get resources in a way that harms the environment) |
| adaptability | change to take advantage of new opportunities |
| institutional commitment | adopts laws that mandate sustainability |
| external costs | expenses borne by someone other than person using resources |
| tragedy of commons | Garret Hardin 1968-multiple individuals, acting independently, and solely and rationally consulting their own self-interest, will deplete a limited resource even when it is clear that it is not in anyone's long-term interest for this to happen. |
| environmental policy | rules and regulations that are adopted and enforced by government agency |
| NEPA | national environmental policy act- signed by nixon in 1970 |
| sustainable development | meets present needs without compromising ability of future generations to meet their own needs |
Created by:
cruz8
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