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Bio Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell Theory | Basis of all life, cells generated from preexisting cells, discovered in 1880 |
| Central Dogma | DNA to RNA to protein, information storage, RNA copies, protein synthesis |
| Viruses | Cannot complete central dogma on their own, e.g., COVID, FLU, RSV |
| Size of Cells | Most cells are in the micrometer range |
| Light Microscope | Uses light to visualize cells, phase contrast for living cells |
| Confocal Microscope | Uses laser to 'cut' through cells, visualizes multiple layers |
| Electron Microscope | Uses electrons, reaches the nanometer range |
| Prokaryote | Small, single-celled, diverse, e.g., Bacteria and Archaea |
| Eukaryote | Membrane-bound organelles, larger, multi-cellular, e.g., plants and animals |
| Plasma Membrane | Lipid bilayer, surrounds cell and organelles |
| Nucleus | Contains DNA and RNA, protected by the nuclear membrane |
| Ribosomes | Factories for protein synthesis, not membrane-bound |
| Mitochondria | Generates chemical energy, produces ATP, has own DNA |
| Chloroplast | Conducts photosynthesis, evolved from bacteria |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Cellular highway, rough ER involved in protein synthesis, smooth ER in lipid synthesis |
| Golgi Apparatus | Post office of the cell, sorts and delivers proteins |
| Lysosomes | Membrane-bound organelles for waste disposal, acidic environment |
| Peroxisomes | Membrane-bound organelles for chemical reactions, contains hydrogen peroxide |
| Cytoskeleton | Supports cell structure, aids in movement, involved in endo- and exocytosis |
| Model Organisms | Simple organisms used in research, e.g., fruit flies, yeast, E. coli |
| Cell Culture | Primary cell culture is mortal, immortalized cell lines are cancer cells |
| Chemical Nature of Life | Cells mainly composed of carbon compounds, tightly controlled chemistry |
| Covalent Bonds | Two atoms share a pair of electrons, determine 3D geometry of organic molecules |
| Ionic Bonds | Electrons donated between atoms, form cations and anions |
| Hydrogen Bonds | Weaker than covalent bonds, involve hydrogen and a positively charged atom |
| Hydrophilic vs. Hydrophobic | Hydrophilic dissolves in water, hydrophobic is insoluble in water |
| Polymers in the Cell | Monomers join to form polymers via covalent bonds |
| Sugars and Glycosidic Bonds | Sugars form polysaccharides via glycosidic bonds, reversible via hydrolysis |
| Fatty Acids and Lipids | Fatty acids form lipids, amphipathic with hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail |
| Amino Acids and Proteins | Amino acids form proteins via peptide bonds, diverse R groups |
| Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids | Nucleotides form nucleic acids via phosphodiester bonds, RNA and DNA |
| Metabolism | Catabolic breaks down food for energy, anabolic uses energy to build tissues |
| Enzymes | Specialized proteins that catalyze specific reactions, highly regulated |
| Activation Energy | Extra energy required for a molecule to undergo a specific reaction |
| Thermodynamics Laws | 2nd law: universe tends towards disorder, 1st law: energy cannot be created or destroyed |
| Photosynthesis | Takes in energy from the sun, complementary to cellular respiration |
| Coupled Reactions | Two reactions use energy from one to fuel the other |
| Energy Carriers | ATP is the most abundant energy source in cells, carries energy in high-energy bonds |
| Glycolysis | Breaks down glucose to pyruvate, occurs in cytoplasm, does not require oxygen |
| Krebs Cycle | Converts pyruvate to Acetyl CoA, occurs in mitochondrial matrix, produces NADH |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | Occurs in inner mitochondrial membrane, requires oxygen, produces the most ATP |
| Gluconeogenesis | Reverse of glycolysis, creates new glucose, requires a lot of energy |
| Glycogen | Multi-branched polysaccharide composed of glucose, used to store energy |
| Mitochondrial Organization | Double membrane system, inner membrane generates energy, contains own genome |
| Protein Structure | Secondary structures like alpha helix and beta pleated sheets, quaternary structures |
| Protein Domains | Conserved parts of a protein sequence with specific functions |
| Protein Families | Groups of proteins with similar amino acids and 3D shapes |
| Quaternary Structure | Larger protein molecules containing more than one polypeptide chain |
| Protein Function | Structure and shape affect function, binding sites interact with ligands |
| Enzyme Inhibition | Drugs can inhibit enzymes, competitive or allosteric inhibition |
| Feedback loops | Positive feedback increases activity, negative feedback turns off or down activity |
| Chemical Modification | Post-translational modification acts as an 'on/off switch' for proteins |
| GTP Binding Proteins | Binds to GTP, controls protein activity and assembly |
Created by:
aw123456
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