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Bio201
Intro to Human Anatomy and Physiology
| anatomy | the study of the form and organization of body parts |
| physiology | the study of body function |
| atom | smallest particle of an element that has the properties of an element |
| subatomic particles | parts of an atom: protons, neutrons, and electrons |
| molecules | particle composed of two or more joined atoms; ex- water molecules & glucose molecules |
| macromolecules | very large molecule, such as protein, starch , nucleic acid, and DNA |
| cell | basic unit of structure and function; ex- muscle cell & nerve cell |
| organelles | any of the structures in cells that has a specialized function; ex- mitochondrion, golgi apparatus, & nucleus |
| tissues | assembled group of similar cells that performs a specialized function; ex- simple squamous, epithelium, & bone |
| organ | structure consisting of two or more tissues with a specialized function; ex- skin, femur, heart, & kidney |
| organ systems | group of organs coordinated to carry on a specialized function; ex- cardiovascular system, skeletal system, & digestive system |
| organism | an individual living thing; ex- human |
| What are the levels of organization? | atom, molecule, macromolecule, cell, tissue, organs, organ system, organism |
| internal environment | environment within the body in which the cells live |
| cell membrane | selectively permeable outer boundary of a cell consisting of a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins. |
| homeostasis | the body’s internal environment is maintained within the normal range |
| pressure gradient | the difference in the case of blood flow, or air moving in and out of the lungs |
| concentration gradient | substances moving from areas of high to low concentration; ex- diffusion |
| permeant | substances possessing the ability to cross a cell membrane |
| permeable | open for passage across a cell membrane. |
| cellular diffusion | process of embryonic cells becoming fated for their various functions; ex- muscle cells & nerve cell |
| membrane receptors | proteins found on a cell membrane that can bind to chemicals such as neurotransmitters and hormones. |
| homeostatic mechanism | any of the control systems that help maintain a normal internal environment in the body |
| feedback loop | cell-to-cell communication that helps maintain homeostasis |
| growth | increase in cell number and size and increase in body size |
| reproduction | production of new cells and organisms |
| responsiveness | reaction to change inside or outside of the body |
| movement | change in body position or location; motion of internal organs |
| metabolism | sum of all chemical reactions in living system; energy and nutrient cycling: ex- respiration, digestion, circulation, excretion |
| respiration | acquiring energy, most organisms do it by taking oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide |
| digestion | breaking down food into usable nutrients for absorption into the blood |
| circulation | moving chemicals and cells through the body fluids |
| excretion | removing waste products; ex- poop & pee |
| intracellular fluid | fluid inside cells |
| interstitial fluid | fluid between cells and outside of blood vessels; ex- tissue fluid & blood plasma |
| extracellular fluid | body fluids outside cells |
| atmospheric pressure | the force on the outside of the body due to the weight above |
| hydrostatic pressure | pressure exerted by fluids; ex- blood pressure |
| set point | target value of a physiological measure maintained automatically in the body; ex- body temperature |
| What is the process for homeostasis? | 1. stimulus-change that occurs in an internal environment 2. control center (set point)- change is compared to the set point 3. effectors (muscle or glands) 4. response- change is corrected |
| negative feedback | -deviation from the set point progressively lessens, and the effector activity gradually returns to normal -most common type of homeostatic mechanism ex-controls body temp, blood pressure, and glucose levels in the blood |
| positive feedback | -a change that is not reversed but intensified, and the effector activity is initially increased rather than turned off -more uncommon than neg. feedback -short-lived -gets worse before better -ex. blood clotting, uterine contractions of childbirth |
| normal range | range of values for a particular measurement obtained from a sample of the healthy population |
| 2 main portions of the human body | axial portion and appendicular portion |
| axial portion | head, neck, and trunk. |
| appendicular portion | upper and lower limbs |
| major body cavities of the axial portion | - cranial cavity: houses brain - vertebral canal (spinal cavity): contains spinal cord - thoracic cavity: houses lungs and thoracic viscera - abdominopelvic cavity: contains abdominal and pelvic viscera |
| diaphragm | muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
| mediastinum | area between the lungs containing the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland |
| abdominal cavity | -extends from diaphragm to top of pelvis -contains stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys, small intestine, most of large intestine |
| pelvic cavity | -enclosed by pelvic bones -contains end of large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs |
| 6 major body cavities | cranial, spinal, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, and abdominopelvic |
| 4 small cavities found in the head | -oral: contains teeth & tongue -nasal: connecting with several air-filled sinuses -orbital: contains eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves -middle ear cavities: contains middle ear bones |
| serous membrane | lines the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and secretes serous fluid |
| 2 layers of serous membrane | -visceral: inner layer, which covers an organ -parietal: outer layer, which lines wall of cavity |
Created by:
lacim05
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