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CVA Week 3
Skulls and Visceral Skeleton
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 3 components of the typical vertebrate skull? | 1. exoskeleton: integument, dermal bone, epidermis-keratin 2. neural crest: derived dermal bone (scleral ossicles) 3. Endoskeleton: from mesoderm and sources other than integment |
| What is the difference between endochondral and intramembranous bone formation. | Endochondral: Bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage Intramembranous: Bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal connective tissue |
| connective tissue What is the function of the chondrocranium (neurocranium or endocranium)? | • Supports & protects brain • embryonic structure • supports sensory capsule • Craniate feature |
| What is the prechordal cartilage | - Is anterior trabeculae cartilage - Neural crest cartilage - Expand out to form walls & roof (tectum) - Forms ethmoid plate |
| parachordal cartilage | - Sclerotome mesoderm - This plus notochord forms basal plate |
| What is the basal plate | - Parachordal cartilage and notochord - is the region of the neural tube ventral to the sulcus limitans. |
| ethmoid plate | - Prechordal cartilage - Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone - a thin, flattened lamina, polygonal in form |
| What is the olfactory capsule | a neural structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the sense of smell |
| otic capsule | - the dense bone of the petrous temporal bone - surrounds inner ear |
| What is the fate of the cartilaginous chondrocranium in cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, & other bony vertebrates? | the cartilage is replaced by bone (endochondral or replacement bone). |
| What are the 4 major ossification centers of the chondrocranium in bony vertebrates? | - Ethmoid bones - Occipital centers - Sphenoid centers - Otic centers |
| Which tetrapods possess one occipital condyle, two occipital condyles? | Neurocranium articulation with 1st vertebrae • reptiles & birds – single occipital condyle • amphibians & mammals – 2 occipital condyles |
| Know that the dermatocranium includes: | ) the bones that form a roof over the brain & contribute to the lateral walls of the skull, 2) the bones of the upper jaw, 3) the bones of the palates, and 4) the opercular bones. |
| What is the fate of the first upper jaw (palatoquadrate cartilage) that develops in the embryos of cartilaginous fishes, bony vertebrates? | - Quadrate becomes incus - Epiterygoid becomes alisphenoid - Articular becomes malleus |
| What is a primary palate, secondary palate? | Primary palate • Sharks – cartilage • Bony vertebrates – dermal (membrane) bone Secondary palate: separates oral cavity – nasal & oral passages – formed from processes of premaxillae, maxillae & palatines |
| Which groups have a secondary palate? | Air & food separated by secondary palate (hard palate & soft palate) Pelycosaurs Most reptiles – air & food share common passage from mouth until trachea & esophagus. |
| Which bones typically help form the secondary palate? | - From upper jaw dermal bones. The palatoquadrate, splanchnocranium, and mandible fuse to form a secondary palate. |
| What is the significance of the secondary palate (think about coupling or decoupling of respiration and feeding)? | - Reptiles: air and food share common passage from mouth until trachea and esophagus - Mammals: air and food separated by secondary palate (hard palate and soft palate) |
| What is the function of the opercular bones of bony fishes & what is the fate of the opercular bones in tetrapods? | - the operculum is a bony flap of skin over their gills that protects the gills. - It opens and closes to help bony fish breathe when they are not swimming. |
| Be able to describe the structure of the seven visceral arches of cartilaginous fishes. | - Contain pharyngeal arches (branchial arches associated with gill arches) and anterior arches - 1st arch is the mandibular arch with palatoquadrate and Meckel's cartilage - 2nd arche is the hyoid arch with hyomandibula |
| Which arch makes up the jaws of cartilaginous fishes? | The mandibular arch |
| Which cartilage forms the upper jaw, lower jaw? | - Upper jaw: Paired palatoquadrate cartilages - Lower jaw: Meckel's Cartilage |
| What is the derivation of the articular & quadrate bones of bony fishes & other bony vertebrates? | The jaw joint is between the quadrate of the upper jaw and the articular (Meckel's cart of the lower jaw) |
| What is autostylic? | arch suspended from skull by itself while palatoguadrate articulates (no hyomandibula action |
| what is amphistylic? | jaw attached to braincase with articulation of palatoquadrate to skull and hyomandibula |
| what is hyostylic? | jaw suspended by hyoid arch only with hyomandibula attaches the mandibular arch to the braincase |
| what is secondary autostylic? | : palatoquadrate articulated with the underside of the skull (no hyomandibula action) |
| Which groups possess each type of jaw suspension? | Autostylic: placoderms and acanthodians - Amphistylic: chondrichthyans, acanthodians, and early bone fishes - Hyostylic: chondrichthyans, bony fishes - Secondary autostylic: tetrapods |
| What is the fate of the palatoquadrate cartilage in amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals? | - Becomes quadrate in telosts, amphibians, and reptiles and the incus in mammals |
| What is the fate of Meckel's cartilage in amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals? Becomes the Malleus in mammals, becomes articular in amphibians, reptiles, and telosts | Becomes the Malleus in mammals, becomes articular in amphibians, reptiles, and telosts |
| What is the fate of the rest of the visceral skeleton in tetrapods (pay special attention to inner ear bones)? | - Quadrate to incus - Meckel's cartilage to malleus - Hyomandibular to stapes - Larynx from 4th and 5th visceral arches - Thyroid cartilage from 4th and 5th visceral arches - Arytenoid and cricoid cartilages from modified 5th visceral arch |
| Phylogenetically, how did the dermal bones of the skull arise? | - In therian mammals there was a loss of dermal bone (prefrontal postorbital, postfrontal, quadratojugal, supratemporal) - In monotremes they retained early synapsid features (pre and postorbital, unfused occipitals) |
| Which groups have kinetic skulls & which groups do not- | - Mammals do not - Crocodilians do not |
| What are the advantages of cranial kinesis? | Allows significant movement of skull bones relative to eachother - Also allows movement at the joint between upper and lower jaw |
| What are the advantages of akinetic skulls? | - You have mastication with precise tooth occlusion - The mammalian mandibular condyle articulates with the squamosal bone which allows the upper and lower teeth to line up - You get a secondary palate for mastication and suckling |
| What is suction feeding ? | • Most fish • Amphibians in water • Muscularized visceral skeleton • Buccal cavity expands pressure drops aspirate food into mouth • Unidirectional flow – gill slits • Bidirectional flow – no gill slits (frogs, salamanders, turtles) |
| How do suction feeders eliminate excess water (taxa with and without gills)? | - With gills the water is sucked in then exits through the gill slits - Kinesis: liberation of bony elements |
| What is lingual feeding | - Rapid projection of sticky tongue - Uses hyoid apparatus |
| what is prehension | - Protrusion of the hyoid arch wings - When an organism rapidly grasps prey with jaws, talons, or claws |
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emma.boc
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