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Cancer Unit
Biology cancer unit exam study guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the characteristics of life? | order/cellular structure, reproduction and heredity, growth and development, energy processing (metabolism), regulation (homeostasis), response to the environment and stimuli, and evolutionary adaptation of a species. |
| what are cells? | the basic building blocks of all living things. they provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food, convert those nutrients into energy, and carry out specialized functions. they also contain the body's hereditary material. |
| what are the two main types of cells? | prokaryotic and eukaryotic |
| prokaryotic | no nucleus or membrane bound organelles |
| eukaryotic | have a membrane bound nucleus |
| cell membrane | boundary that separates the organism from its surroundings |
| cell wall | separates interior contents from exterior environment |
| nucleus | cell's control center and holds genetic information |
| chloroplast | produces energy through photosynthesis |
| mitochondria | generates power for the cell |
| large central vacuole | storage for water and other molecules |
| golgi apparatus | transporting and modification of protein and lipids |
| lysosomes | breakdown of food particles and old cell parts |
| endoplasmic reticulum | storage, protein synthesis, and lipid metabolism |
| ribosomes | protein synthesis |
| cytoskeleton | organizes contents of cell connecting it physically and biochemically |
| cytoplasm | provides shape to cell |
| where in the cell would you find DNA? | nucleus |
| which organelle produces proteins that support cell function? | ribosomes |
| what is the structure of DNA? | double helix |
| what are the four bases of DNA? | adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine |
| how are the nitrogenous bases held together in a strand of DNA? | hydrogen bonds |
| what are chromosomes? | structure of nucleic acids found in the nucleus that carry around genetic information on the form of genes. |
| what are genes? | small segments of DNA that give instructions for certain traits. |
| what is a chromatid? | one half of a duplicated chromosome. |
| what are chromosomes composed of? | proteins and DNA organized into genes. |
| what holds the sister chromatids of a chromosome together after duplication? | centromere |
| what are some causes of DNA damage or mutations | errors in DNA replication or recombination. physical or chemical agents that alter DNA called mutagens. |
| why is cell division no longer controlled in cancerous cells? | lack of suppressor genes. |
| how are DNA mutations caused? | a change in the genetic sequence. silent - no change to the protein missense - changes an amino acid nonsense - adds a stop codon frameshift - alters everything after the mutation |
| what are proto-oncogenes and what is their role in the cell cycle? | genes that normally help cells grow (precancerous) - speed up the cell cycle. |
| what are oncogenes and what is their role in the cell cycle? | a cancerous gene - speed up the cell cycle. |
| what are tumor suppressor genes and what is their role in the cell cycle? | prevent unregulated cell growth by slowing down the progression of the cell through the cell cycle. |
| what genes are responsible for inspection and repair of damaged DNA? | P53 and BRCA1 |
| what is a cell cycle? | series of events that take place as the cell grows and divides. |
| what are the main parts of the cell cycle? | interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis |
| what happens during interphase? | the majority of the cell's time; normal functions occur (G1, S, G2) |
| what happens in mitosis? | the portion where nuclear division occurs (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) |
| what happens in cytokinesis? | cell divides in two |
| what happens in G1? | growth |
| what happens in S? | DNA synthesis |
| what happens in G2? | growth and preparation for mitosis |
| what is G0 | checkpoint to attempt to repair DNA. |
| what is apoptosis? | the normal death of cells. |
| what are cell cycle checkpoints and what is being done? | regulate the speed at which the cell moves through the cell cycle, ensures the cell is ready for division. |
| how many checkpoints are there? | three |
| where within the cell cycle are checkpoints located? | G1, G2, mitosis |
| transcription | going from DNA to mRNA. |
| translation | becoming a protein. |
| how does gene expression occur? | in two stages, transcription and translation. |
| how do DNA mutations occur? | changes to the nucleotide sequence, caused by chemicals, radiation exposure, or viruses. |
| were does transcription take place? | within the nucleus. |
| where does translation take place? | within the cytoplasm in the ribosomes. |
| after transcription what base replaces thymine in the resulting strand of mRNA? | uracil |
| transcribe the template-side strand of DNA into an mRNA molecule. TAC CCG TTC GAT | AUG GGC AAG CUA |
| how does mRNA differ from DNA in structure? | single strand helix |
| what is the molecule called that is produced after translation and synthesis in a ribosome? | polypeptide |
| what are the four structures of a protein? | primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure. |
| primary structure | the linear sequence of amino acids. |
| secondary structure | amino acids interact based on weak chemical interactions. |
| tertiary structure | 3-D molecule, functional |
| quaternary structure | multiple protein chains interact to form larger molecules with more complex functions. |
| what is the genetic code? | instruction in a gene that tells a cell how to make a protein. |
| what are codons? | sequence of three DNA or RNA molecules. |
| what are amino acids? | organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. |
| what is the "start" codon that enables a ribosome to begin protein assembly? | AUG |
| what is the purpose of mitosis? | to replicate cells for growth and repair. |
| what does PPMAT refer to? | prophase, pro-metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. |
| prophase | mitotic spindle begins to form, chromosomes begin to condense. |
| pro-metaphase | centrosomes move to opposite poles, nuclear membrane breaks up, microtubules attach at the kinetochores. |
| metaphase | chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. |
| anaphase | sister chromatids are pulled apart. |
| telophase | new nuclei are formed and cells are starting to separate. |
| cytokinesis | creates two identical daughter cells. |
| stage 0-1 cancer characteristics | tumor is limited to a very small area and only nearby lymph nodes, if any, are involved. |
| stage 2 cancer characteristics | tumor has become invasive and has grown, but is still located entirely within the breast, lymph nodes may be involved. |
| stage 3 cancer characteristics | tumor has moved out of the breast tissue, but has not spread to distant organs, lymph nodes are involved. |
| stage 4 cancer characteristics | cancer has fully metastasized and spread to organs outside the breast, the cancer is incurable. |
| malignant tumors | have cancerous cells that grow uncontrollably and spread to other areas of the body, very problematic. |
| benign tumors | noncancerous cells that stay in their primary location, usually not problematic. |
| what is the process where tumors can signal for and gain access to a blood supply? | angiogenesis |
| metastasis | the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer. |
| genetic testing PCR | after blood is drawn DNA is isolated from white blood cells and subjected to PCR in order to make copies of gene of interest. |
| blood testing - CBC, white cells, antibodies | look at the presence of normal blood cells and basic blood chemistry. |
| screening mammogram | x-ray of breast and surrounding tissues that looks for abnormalities associated with cancer. |
| diagnostic mammogram | x-ray of breast and surrounding tissues, used after finding a lump or suspicious blood work. |
| CT scan | x-ray of organs with pictures from multiple angles that are used to generate a 3D image, can involve dye for contrast. |
| PET scan | uses radioactive tracers to measure the metabolism of the cells, cancer cells are more active and stand out. |
| MRI | uses radio waves and magnets to generate detailed images of the body |
| what are taxanes and how do they work? | naturally produced by yew trees; prevent microtubule breakdown during cell division so cell division doesn't continue. |
| how targeted are chemotherapy drugs? | not very targeted, working on whole body. targeting the cell cycle. |
| how does radiation stop cancer cells from growing? | uses high-energy gamma rays and x-rays to damage the DNA within a cell, slowing down or stopping cell division. |
| self vs. non-self recognition | targets any non-self cells for destruction. |
| the future - CRISPR gene editing | gene editing to address mutations in DNA. can remove nucleotides, inactivating the gene, or insert new nucleotides changing the function of the gene - essentially can take out chunk and put in what you want. |
Created by:
SavDan
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