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Microbiology test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Micron | small |
| Biologia | Study of living things |
| Microbiology | study of small living things |
| Working definition of microbiology | Study or entities too small to be seen with unaided human eye |
| Microorganisms/microbes | These microscopic organisms |
| What are microorganisms commonly called? | Germs, viruses, agent. |
| Do all microorganisms cause disease? | No, many are useful and essential for human life. |
| What are the major groups of microorganisms? | Bacteria, algae, protozoa, Helminthes, and fungi (algae + protozoa make up the protists) |
| Viruses | noncellular, parasitic, protein-coated genetic elements that can infect living things, including other microorganisms. |
| Prokaryotes | Bacteria, archaea; they have chromosomes, ribosomes, cell walls, cell membranes, and flagellum. |
| Eukaryotes | Fungi, algae, protozoa, Helminthes; They have Ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria, cell membrane, and flagellum. |
| Acellular | Viruses and bacteriophages; They have nucleic acid, AIDS virus, bacterial virus, capsid, and envelope. |
| How are microbiologists referred to? | Sometimes by the time of microbial system they study. |
| Bacteriology | Study of prokaryotes |
| Mycology | Study of fungi |
| Phycology | Study of algae |
| Protozoology | the study of protozoa |
| Virology | The study of viruses |
| Immunology | The study of the immune system |
| Do microorganisms have a profound influence on the earth and its residents? | Yes |
| How far back do bacterial-like organisms have fossil record? | 3.5 billion years ago (prokaryotes) |
| How many years later were Eukaryotes found? | 2 billion |
| How are microorganisms important? | 1.Microbes are the earliest organisms found in the fossil record. 2.They perform essential reactions in the environment. 3.Microbes can be harnessed to work for us. 4.They sometimes cause infectious diseases |
| Ubiquity of microorganisms | Nearly found everywhere, occur in large numbers, live in places many other organisms cannot. |
| What accounts for most of the atmospheric oxygen on earth? | photosynthesis |
| Microbes essential for dead organisms? | decomposition |
| Important biological elements cycled by microbes are | S,N, and P |
| Microorganisms that humans have been using for thousands of years are? | Bakers and brewers yeast, cheeses, moldy bread on wounds. |
| Microbes can be used to make or preserve? | Food products like yogurt, salami, and cheeses. |
| Microbes can produce? | Important compounds like antibiotics, MSG, and ethanol. |
| Biotechnology | When humans manipulate microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting |
| genetic engineering | create new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) |
| Recombinant DNA Technology | allows microbes to be engineered to synthesize desirable proteins ( drugs, hormones, and enzymes) |
| Bioremediation | introducing microbes in to the environment to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants (oil spills, chemical spills, water and sewage treatment) |
| What are the increasing number of infectious diseases? | SARS, AIDS, hepatitis C, viral encephalitis |
| What are other diseases not linked to microorganisms? | gastric ulcers, certain cancers, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, obsessive compolsive |
| How many microbes are associated with disease? | Only a few percent |
| Prokaryotic cells | 10 times smaller than eukaryotic cells, lack many cells structures like organelles. |
| Are all eukaryotic cells microorganisms? | no |
| Viruses | not independently living cellular organisms, basically a small amount of DNA or RNA wrapped in proteins and sometimes by a lipid membrane. |
| Individual viruses are called? | virus particle or virion |
| What was the key to the study of microorganisms? | the development of microscopes |
| Who had the earliest record of microbes? | the work of Robert Hooke in 1660s |
| Antonie van Leeuwenhoek | Created the first single-lens microscope, known as the father of bacteriology and protozoology; first person to accurately describe living microbes, used a simple microscope, made and reported many detailed observations. |
| Robert Hooke | May have been the first to see microorganisms, coined the word "cell" to describe what he saw viewing tree bark from a cork oak. |
| The discovery of microbes | people have long been aware of the effects of microbial growth, spoilage, disease, decomposition, microbes are too small to be seen even with the hand lenses, microscopes changed that. |
| How do early scientists tend to explain natural phenomenon? | a mixture of belief, superstition, and argument. |
| When did true scientific thinking develop? | during the 1600s |
| What is the scientific method? | Formulate a hypothesis, most use the deductive approach to apply the scientific method, experimentation, analysis, testing leads to conclusion, either support or refute the hypothesis. |
| Louis Pasteur | worked with infusions in the mid 1800s, pasteurization, The germ theory of disease. |
| John Tyndall | showed evidence that some microbes have very high heat resistance and are difficult to destroy. |
| Ferdinand Cohn | spores and sterilization |
| The development of aseptic technique | physicians and scientists began to suspect that microorganisms could cause disease. |
| Joseph Lister | introduced Aseptic Technique |
| Robert Koch | Koch's postulate, verified the germ theory |
| Koch's Postulate | disease always in sick, not in well individuals; isolate microorganisms; infection with pure microbes results in disease; re-isolate microorganism from infected individuals |
| Microbial nomenclature | naming microorganisms |
| taxonomy | classifying living things |
| identification | discovering and recording the traits of organisms so they can be names and classified. |
| levels of classification | domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| Carl Von Linne | began systematically classifying living things |
| Binomial | two names (every organism has two names) Genus species. |
| Which name is capitalized in the organism? | The first name is capitalized and both are italicized |
| Organisms are often named after? | what they look like or a person ( Staphylococcus aureus staphule- bunch of grapes, kokkus- berry, aureus- golden) |
| What are the five steps to characterize a microorganism in the lab? | Inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, identification |
| Incubation | can control atmospheric gases and temperature, can visually recognize growth as cloudiness in liquid media and colonies on solid medias. |
| Pure culture | growth of only a single known species; usually created by subculture |
| Mixed culture | holds two or more identified species |
| Contaminated culture | includes unwanted microorganisms of uncertain identity, or contaminants. |
| Isolation | separating one species from another, separating a single bacteria cell from other cells providing it space on a nutrient surface will allow that cell to grow in to a mound of cells. |
| Streak plate method | small droplet of culture or sample spread over surface of the medium with an inoculating loop; Isolated colonies are eventually obtained. |
| Loop Dilution Method | Also known was Pour Plate Method; sample inoculated serially in to a series of liquid agar tubes to dilute the number of cells in each successive tubes, tubes are then poured into sterile petri dishes and allowed to solidify. |
| Spread plate method | small volume of liquid, diluted sample pipette on to surface of the medium and spread around evenly by a sterile tool |
| Inspection and identification | Using appearances as well as metabolism (biochemical tests) and sometimes genetic analysis immunologic testing to identify the organisms in a culture. |
| Classification of media | physical state, chemical composition, functional type. |
| Liquid media | water-based solutions, do not solidify at temperatures above freezing; broths, milks, or infusions; growth seen as cloudiness or particulates |
| Semisolid media | clot-like consistency at room temperature; used to determine motility and to localize reactions at a specific site. |
| Solid media | a firm surface on which cells can form discreate colonies; liquifiable and Non liquifiable; useful for isolating and culturing bacteria and fungi. |
| Agar | most common, solid at room temperature, melts at boiling, will re-solidify when cooled. |
| Defined or synthetic media | compositions are precisely chemically found |
| complex or nonsynthetic media | if even just one component is not chemically definable |
| General purpose media | to grow as broad a spectrum of microbes as possible; usually non-synthetic; contain a mixture of nutrients to support a variety of microbes (nutrient agar and broth, brain-heart infusion, tryptic soy agar (TSA) |
| Selective media | contains one or more agents that inhibit the growth of certain microbes but not others. (Mannitol salt agar (MSA). MacConkey agar, Hektoen enteric (HE) agar.) |
| Differential media | allow multiple types of microorganisms to grow but display visible differences among those microorganisms. MacConkey agar can be used as a differential medium as well. |
| Reducing media | absorbs oxygen or slows its penetration in the medium; used for growing anaerobes or for determining oxygen requirements. |
| Carbohydrate Fermentation media | contain sugars that can be fermented and a pH indicator; useful for identification of microorganisms. |
| Assay media | used to test the effectiveness of antibiotics, disinfectants, antiseptics |
| Magnification | results when visible light waves pass through a curved lens; the light experiences refection; an image is formed by the refracted light when an object is placed a certain distance from the lens and is illuminated with light; |
| objective lens | forms the real image |
| ocular lens | forms the virtual image |
| total power of magnification | the product of the power of the objective and the power of the ocular |
| Resolution | the ability to distinguish two adjacent objects or points from one another |
| Resolving power | wavelength of light in nm; 2x numerical aperture of objective lens, shorter wavelengths provide a better resolution |
| Numerical aperture | describes the relative efficiency of a lens in bending light rays; oil immersion lenses increase the numerical aperture |
| Oil immersion lens | immersion oil reduces refraction of light, more light is gathered, numerical aperture increases, resolution improved. |
| Visible light microscopes | optical microscopes that use visible light. describes by their field. Four types Bright-field, dark-field, phase-contrast, and inference. |
| Bright-field microscope | most widely used, forms its image when light is transmitted through the specimen, the specimen produces an image that is darker than the surrounding illuminated field, can be used with live unstained and preserved, stain specimen |
| Dark-field microscope | the specimen produces an image that is brightly illuminated against a dark field , effective for visualizing living cells that would be distorted by drying or heat or that can't be stained with usual methods. |
| Phase-contrast microscope | transforms subtle changes in light waves passing through a specimen into differences in light intensity, allows differentiation of internal components of live, unstained cells, useful for viewing intracellular structures such as bacterial spores. |
| Differential interference microscopy | uses a differential-interference contrast (DIC) microscope, allows for detailed view of live, unstained specimen, includes two prisms that add contrasting colors to the image, the image is colorful and three dimensional |
| Florescence microscope | includes a uv radiation source and a filter that protects the viewers eyes, used with dyes that show florescence under uv rays, forms a colored image against a black field, used in diagnosing infections cause by specific bacteria, protozoans, and viruses |
| Confocal microscopy | allows for viewing cells at higher magnification using a laser beam of light to scan various depths in the specimen, most often used on fluorescently stained specimen. |
| Electron microscopy | focused electron beam, wavelength=6pm, 100,00 X less than than red visible light, offers much better resolution. |
| preparing specimens for optical microscopes | generally prepared by mounting a sample on a glass slide |
| how the slide is prepared depends on | the condition of the specimen, the aims of the examiner, the type of microscopy available. |
| wet mount | cells suspended in fluid, a drop or two of the culture is then placed on the slide and overlayed with the cover glass; cover glass can damage larger cells and might dry or contaminate the observer's fingers. |
| hanging drop mount | uses a depression slide, Vaseline, and coverslip; the sample is suspended from the coverslip |
| Smear technique | developed by Robert Koch; spread a thin film made from a liquid suspension of cells and air-drying it; heat the dried smear by a process called heat fixation; some cells are fixed using chemicals |
| staining | creates contrast and allows features of the cells to stand out; applies colored chemical to specimens; dyes become affixed to the cells through a chemical reaction; dyes are classified as basic dyes and acidic dyes. |
| Staining- increases contrast | Most microbes are colorless, very small, difficult to see, staining increases contrast, increases size. |
| Positive staining | the dye sticks to the specimen to give it color. |
| Negative staining | the dye does not stick to the specimen, instead settles around its boundaries, creating a silhouette |
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