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hypo and hyper ch7
all the imbalances
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acid | any compound that donates hydrogen ions in a solution |
| what is the volatile acid : carbonic acid | forms when CO2 combines with water |
| what is the characteristic of volatile acid that defines it | carbonic acid can dissociate into co2 and h2o (exhaled by the lungs) |
| what are non-volatile acids | acids that cannot convert to co2 |
| base | a compound that accepts the H+ ions in a solution |
| how can metabolism affect acid-base levels | cellular metabolism of fats and carbs produce large qualities of CO2, which combines in the bloodstream to produce carbonic acid -forms during hypoxic states on anaerobic respiration |
| normal range for blood pH | 7.35-7.45 |
| what are the components of the buffer system | protein, phosphate, carbonic acid-bicarbonate |
| explain the protein buffer system | -serve as buffers due to structure -largest buffering system in the body |
| what is the primary protein that carries out buffering function | hemoglobin |
| explain the phosphate buffering system | -regulating intracellular environment |
| what is the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system | -formation: co2+water = hco3 (carbonic acid) -dissociation: yield H+ (strong acid) and Hco3 (weak base) -utilized by the lungs and the kidneys |
| CAB system: when CO2 levels are elevated, the equation: | moves to the right to form more H+ and Hco3- ions |
| CAB system: when H+ ion levels are elevated, the equation: | moves to the left as H+ ions are converted to Co2 and exhaled by lungs |
| compensation in the lungs | lungs attempt to adjust the pH in minutes, but the response is indefinite and cannot be maintained |
| compensation in the kidneys | kidneys attempt to adjust the ph but require hours to a day to respond, but it can be maintained longer |
| lungs increasing ventilation: | -decreasing co2 as it is exhaled: the H+ ion concentration falls -pH raises -equation moves to the left |
| lungs decreasing ventilation | -retaining CO2 : elevation of H+ ion concentration -pH lowers -equation moves to the right |
| normal range for carbon dioxide | 35-45 mm Hg partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) |
| hyperventilation | reduces co2-->more basic |
| hypoventilation | raises co2-->more acidic |
| how do kidneys compensate for acid base disturbances | regulating the excretion or reabsorption of two factors : h+ and HCo3 |
| what is acidosis | if the blood pH is lower than 7.35 |
| what is alkalemia | the blood pH is lower than 7.45 |
| how is respiratory acidosis and alkalosis marked | looking at abnormalities in carbon dioxide levels |
| respiratory acidosis | compromised gas exchange in the lungs causing co2 to buildup -can be caused by copd, infection, body obstruction, asthma |
| respiratory alkalosis | lower than normal co2 levels commonly caused by hyperventilation |
| metabolic acidosis | many result from increeased production of acids other than co2 -diabetic ketoacidosis -excessive loss of a base |
| metabolic alkalosis | develops from excess base -retention of sodium bicarbonate or from loss of H+ ions as a result from prolonged vommiting |
| relationship between H+ and K+ | both k and h are positive and move freely in the ecf and isf -changes in h movement can affect the movement k |
| shifts in potassium | more pronounced in acidosis more pronounced in metabolic acidosis |
Created by:
Sabakent
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