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Microbiology Ch 1
Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Zaccharias and Hans Janssen | a father son team of dutch eyeglass makers produced the 1st compound microscope |
| Antony Van Leewenhoek | native of Holland, "Father of Microscopy" and is believed to be the 1st to view live bacteria and Protozoans |
| Simple microscope | only contains 1 convex objective lens |
| Animalcules | "Little animals" seen by Antony van Leewenhoek |
| Robert Hooke | Published his drawings in a book called Micrographia |
| Light microscope | uses visable light to illuminate and optical lenses to observe enlarged images of specimens |
| Ocular lens | the lens close to the eye, located on aaaathe headpiece of the microscope |
| Objective lens | the lens closer to the specimen are located on the body of the microscope |
| Dissection microscopes and stereomicroscopes | low power microscopes designed for observing larger objects such as worms, insects, plants . |
| Bright field microscope | exhibits a background brighter than the observed specimen and is dependent on altering the light path ( refraction) only. |
| Dark field microscope | a light stop in the condensor prevents light from going straight through, instead it only lights the edges of the condensor resulting in a dark background and edges of specimen are illuminated. |
| Phase Contrast Microscopes | done with a contrast enhancing optical instrument- bends light - produces high contrast images of transparent specimens such as living plant/animal cells, microorganisms, and thin tissue slices. |
| Fluorescence Microscopes | If a specimen can emit light( fluorescence) of one color when illuminated by ultra violet radiatation. (ex. Pseduomonas) |
| Confocal Microscope | invented by Marin Minsky- it visualizes different planes of the layers of the specimen |
| Electron Microscope | uses a beam of electrons rather than light as the source of energy to visualize specimens |
| Transmission Electron Microscopes | uses electron beam that travels through an ultrathin sectioned specimen. ( 2 dimensional image) |
| Scanning Electron Microscope | Provides images of high resolution, but in contrast to TEM, a SEM does not require Ultrathin sections. ( 3 dimensional image) |
| Scanning Probe Microscopes | are a group of tools that are used to examine structures down to the atomic level. |
| Abiogenesis | the development of life from nonliving matter |
| Louis Pasteur | (he ended the controversy of (Spontaneous Generation) using swan neck flask. He also invented Pasteurization |
| Endospores | heat resistent bacteria |
| Pasteurization | does not kill all microorganisms but reduces the number of viable organisms sothey are less likely to cause spoilage or disease. |
| Sterilization | kills ALL microorganisms, including their endospores |
| Oliver Wendell | showed that death after childbirth was often caused by material on the hands of midwives or physicians. |
| Ignaz Semmelweis | observed women in the maternity ward became infected after being examined by physicians who came directly from autopsy room without washing their hands- made them wash their hands and the death rate decreased drastically. |
| Joseph Lister | was the first physician to introduce Aseptic technique He used Carbolic acid on dressing and aerosol on surgical fields |
| Robert Koch | developed Koch's Postulates, which set forth the conditions that should identify an organism as the specific cause of a specific disease |
| Stromatolites | layered mound shaped deposits along ancient seashores |
| Species | a biological grouping below genus in which all organisms bear a close resemblance to each other |
| Prokaryotes | an organism, usually unicellular, that does not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelle. (ex: Bacteria and Archaea) |
| Eukaryotes | an organism whose cells contain a DNA containing nucleus and membrane-bound cell organelles(ex: Algae, Fungi and Protozoans) |
| Phylogeny | deals with the evolutionary relationship between organisms |
| Domains | the highest taxonomic rank of an organism |
| Pathogenic | Disease causing |
| Prions | are not cellular organisms , nor are they viruses Lack nucleic acids; they are normal proteins of animal tissues that can misfold during protein synthesis and become an infectious agent |
| Vibroids | plant pathogens that can cause serious economic problems |
| Taxonomy | sorts organisms on the basis of mutual similarities into nonoverlapping groups called taxa. |
| Classification | assignment of organisms into taxa based on similarities |
| Nonmenclature | deals with the rules for naming organisms |
| Identification | is the process of specifying, identifying, and recordsing the traits of organisms. |
| Genera | the usual major subdivision of a family or subfamily in the classification of organisms, usually consisting of more than one species |
| Phyla | classes into phyla and phyla into kingdoms |
| Binomial | assigning the scientific name |
| Genus | is the name of an organism and is often abbreviated by a single capital letter , whereas the species name is never abbreviated (ex: E. coli) |
| Microbial ecology | study of the interrelationship between microbes and their environment and generally have an impact in maintaining ecosystems. |
| Biofilms | microorganisms in nature are often organized into complex communities of different organisms. |
| Mutualism | both organisms benefit |
| Commensalism | the waste product of microbe provides useful nutrients for another organisms |
| Syndergism | two organisms are dependent on each other to break down a nutrient that neither breaks down alone. |
| Parasitism | one organism benefits and the other is harmed |
| Normal flora | microorganism regularly found at any anatomic site in healthy humans and not causing infections or disease |
| Infectious diseases | diseases caused by communicable microorganisms |
| Foodborne diseases | result from consuming food that is contaminated with different pathogenic species of bacteria (ex: E Coli, Salmonella) |
| Waterborne disease | describes diseases acquired from contaminated water supplies ( ex: Cholera, Typhoid fever, Giardiasis) |
| Airborne disease | transmitted from infected people by coughing, sneezing, or talking ( ex: influenze, TB, Legionellosis, Mumps) |
| Bioremediation | process of using microorganisms to clean up toxic, hazardous, or unmanageable compounds by degrading them to harmless compounds. |
| 1. Scanning Electron Microscope | One type of microscope that provides a 3 dimensional image of a specimen is the .... |
| 2. Phase contrast Microscope | One type of microscope capable of observing living microorganisms is the .... |
| 3. Louis Pasteur | Which scientist is most responsible for ending the controversey about spontaneous generation? |
| 4. 3.5 to 4 | Fossils of prokaryotes go back ________ billion years. |
| 5. Insect | Which of the following is not a microorganisms? |
| 6. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species | The correct descending order of the taxonomic categories is .... |
| 7. Biofilms | Complex communities of microorganisms on surfaces are called ..... |
| 8. Commensalism | A relationship between organisms in which the waste product of one provides nutrients for another is called ........ |
| 9. Blood | Which of the following sites of the human body does not have normal flora? |
| 10. All of the above ( chemical, wine, cheese) | Which of the following industries use(s) microorganisms? |
Created by:
lauramcnabb
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