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Biology Ch 12 Retake
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Double Helix | twisted-ladder shape of DNA formed by two nucleotide strands twisted around each other. |
| Nucleosome | repeating subunit of chromatin fibers consisting of DNA coiled around histones. |
| DNA Polymerase | enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of new DNA molecules |
| Okazaki Fragment | short segment of DNA synthesized discontinuously in small segments in the 3 to 5 feet direction of DNA polymerase |
| Semiconservative Replication | method of DNA replication in which parental strands separate act as templates and produce molecules of DNA with one parental DNA strand and one new parental DNA strand |
| codon | 3 base codon in DNA and RNA |
| exon | in RNA the coding sequence that remains in the final RNA(is in final RNA) |
| intron | in RNA the intervening coding sequence missing from the final mRNA(not in final RNA) |
| Messenger RNA | type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm |
| Ribosomal RNA | type of RNA that associates with proteins to form ribosomes |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid that guides protein synthesis |
| RNA Polymerse | enzyme that regulates RNA synthesis |
| Transcription | process in which mRNA is synthesized from the template DNA |
| Transfer RNA | type of RNA that transports amino acids to the ribosome |
| Translation | process in which mRNA attaches to the ribosome and a protein is assembled |
| Gene Regulation | ability of an organism to control which genes are transcribed in response to the environment |
| Mutagen | substance such as a chemical that cause mutations |
| Mutation | permanent change in a cell's DNA ranging from changes in a single base pair to deletions of large sections of chromosomes |
| Operon | section of DNA containing genes for proteins required for a specific metabolic pathway consists of an operator promoter regulatory gene and genes coding for proteins |
| Where is DNA found? | In the Nucleus |
| What are the sides (rails) of the ladder of DNA made up of | Deoxyribose sugar and phosphates |
| What are the steps (rungs) of a DNA ladder made up of? | matching pairs of molecules called nitrogen bases |
| What does Adenine pair with in DNA? | thymine |
| what does guanine pair with | Cytosine |
| What are the 2 nucleic acids | DNA and RNA |
| What is a Purine | Double rings / A & G |
| What is a pyrimidine | single ring / T & C |
| What is a nucleosome | DNA is wrapped tightly around histones and coiled tightly to form chromosomes |
| what is RNA composed of | Single stranded, RIBOSE sugar, bases: A, U, C, G |
| What is DNA composed of | Double stranded, Deoxyribose sugar, bases: C, G, A, T |
| Where does transcription occur | nucleus |
| What enzyme is used in the transcription process? | RNA polymerase |
| What is occurring during transcription | DNA is being converted into RNA |
| What type of RNA is used during transcription | mRNA takes DNA code into the cytoplasm for protein synthesis |
| How many amino acids are there | 20 |
| what is a codon | combination of 3 nucleotides on mRNA |
| During translation, transfer RNA anticodons match to what | Messenger RNA Codons |
| Who proved the theory that DNA is like a double Helix structure with two chains of nucleotides going in opposite directions and nitrogen bases in the middle, making the rungs? | Watson and Crick |
| What is the Central dogma theory | It provides the basic framework for how genetic information flows from a DNA sequence to a protein product inside cells |
Created by:
smeisman
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