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Chapter 8
A&P 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Someone celebrated their 60th birthday. She feels okay most of the day, when she gets out of bed her joints feel stiff. What is the likely cause of her stiffness? | Changes in collagen structure of the joint Pg 293 |
| If a person is in a sitting position for 10 hours a day. This person never exercises and rarely gets up to move around after being seated. Their joints feel stiff and painful. On a physiological level, what has happened to cause these symptoms? | Lack of movement hinders blood from moving through the vessels of the synovial membrane, which starves the ligaments of nutrients and causes them to lose elasticity. Pg 293 |
| Why does the hip joint have less freedom of movement than the shoulder joint? | the articulating parts of the hip are closer together than those of the shoulder. Pg 289 |
| Suppose the pubic symphysis did not exist in the pelvic girdle and the two pubic bones were fused in the middle. Which of the following best describes the way the region would be affected if this joint was removed? | Childbirth would have a high mortality risk because the pelvic girdle would be rigid and unmoving. Pg 277 |
| When you walk up the stairs, your hip and knee joints _______________ to lift your body weight. | to extend Pg 282 |
| What do sutures, gomphosis, and syndesmoses have in common? | These are all fibrous joints. |
| A patient is experiencing joint inflammation and pain. They undergo an arthrocentesis and their physician discovers cloudy, pus-filled synovial fluid. Which of these conditions is most likely occurring? | Cloudy yellow - rheumatoid arthritis Crystals in synovial fluid - gout Cloudy tinge red with pus - bacterial infection |
| You turn your head to look at something over your shoulder. This is an example of _____________ of the head. | rotation |
| The act of closing the fingers to make a fist is an example of what type of joint movement at the interphalangeal joints? | flexion |
| An athlete, after years of pitching, requires surgery to repair his glenohumeral ligaments. Which joint has been injured? | shoulder |
| A football player suffers from a partially torn anterior cruciate ligament. Which joint has been injured? | knee |
| Joints are also called ______________. | articulations or arthroses |
| Joints can be classified as synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, or diarthrotic. What characteristic was used to classify the joints? | Classified by tissue type is most commonly used |
| A suture is an example of a ________________ joint. | fibrous |
| Which of the following are examples of types of fibrous joints? | syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis joints. |
| The degenerative joint disease osteoarthritis may develop as a result of damage to the ____________________. | articular cartilage |
| What type of joint is immovable? | fibrous |
| What is a sprain? | stretching or tearing of ligaments |
| What is rheumatoid arthritis? | Inflammation of joint due to attack on synovial components by immune system |
| Which of the following best describes the causes of common forms of arthritis? | Most common types of arthritis is are osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Lyme arthritis, and gout. |
| Which of the following is an infection? | |
| Disuse of the joints ________________, which hastens stiffening. | hampers the nutrient supply to the joints |
| What is the effect of activity and exercise on joints? | Exercise can lessen or forestall stiffness |
| A movement that brings the foot closer to the shin is _________________ of the ankle joint. | dorsiflexion |
| Movement that brings the foot and toes farther from the shin is _______________ of the ankle joint. | plantar flexion |
| What movements are permitted by the elbow joint located between the humerus and the ulna? | flexion and extension |
| Displacement of a joint is called _________________. | dislocation |
| The largest and most complex synovial joint is the _________________. | knee joint |
| Which of the following correctly pairs a term with its definition? | abduction-lifting the arm horizontally to form a right angle with the side of the body or moving a part away from the midline |
| A muscle end attached to a less movable or relatively fixed part is called the _________________. | origin |
| What is the function of a synchondrosis? | To allow for bone growth |
| Which of the following is not a type of fibrous joint? | symphysis |
| What does the synovial membrane secrete? | synovial fluid as a lubricant |
| Bones of a synovial joint are held together by __________________. | joint capsule |
| What is the source of oxygen and nutrients for articular cartilage? | surrounding synovial fluid |
| What reinforces a joint capsule? | ligaments binding articular ends of bones together. |
| Fluid-filled sacs containing synovial fluid are called _________________. | bursae |
| Fibrocartilage discs that divide the joint into two compartments are called _________________. | menisci |
| Which of the following is not a synovial joint? | suture joint |
| In which of the following is rotational movement possible? | ball and socket joint |
| Most of the joints between the short bones in the ankle and wrist are __________________ joints. | plane |
| The word root ______ means ring and the word root ______ means bag or purse. glen-; burs- anul-; burs- arth-; anul- burs-; glen- | anul-; burs- |
| What is a correct definition of an articulation? Junction between bones Cartilaginous tissue within a joint that protects bone ends Movement that occurs at a joint | Junction between bones |
| In a fibrous joint, bones are held together by dense connective tissue that contains many fibers of the protein __________ | collagen |
| Bones held together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage are classified as ___________ joints. | cartilaginous |
| The structural (not functional) classification of a freely movable joint enclosed in a joint capsule is a(n) ____________ joint. | synovial |
| Match the word part with the correct definition. anul- burs- glen- | anul- ring burs- bag, purse glen- joint socket |
| Synovial joints are freely movable and are therefore classified as diarthrotic joints. T/F? | True |
| In general, wherever two bones come together, a junction called a(n) ___________ is formed. | articulation |
| The thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones in a synovial joint is called ___________ cartilage. | articular |
| The bone ends within a __________ joint are held together by dense connective tissue. | fibrous |
| Match each letter with the correct structure within a synovial joint. Label A point to the curvy part. Label B point to the outer part of the wing-like structure Label C point to the tube-like rough surface Label D point to the inner part of the wing-like structure. | Label A - fibrous capsule Label B - synovial membrane Label C - articular cartilage Label D - synovial fluid |
| What connects the bones in cartilaginous joints? elastic cartilage dense connective tissue hyaline cartilage | hyaline cartilage |
| The joint, or articular, _______ of a synovial joint encloses the joint and prevents bone ends from being pulled apart. | capsule |
| A freely movable joint enclosed in a joint capsule is classified as a ______ joint. synovial fibrous cartilaginous | synovial |
| At synovial joints, the joint capsule is reinforced by ________ that help stabilize the joint and bind together the bone ends. | ligaments |
| Synovial joints are freely movable and therefore are classified as ______ joints. diarthrotic synarthrotic amphiarthrotic | diarthrotic |
| Select all that apply Choose all the features of the synovial membrane. It secretes and reabsorbs synovial fluid. It is only a few cells thick. It may have villi, folds, and projections It can store adipose tissue. It produces the articular cartilage. It is made of specialized epithelial tissue. | It secretes and reabsorbs synovial fluid. It is only a few cells thick. It may have villi, folds, and projections It can store adipose tissue. |
| Where is articular cartilage located? the connecting bone ends together in a synovial joint covering the bone ends in a synovial joint extending from one bone end to the other within a synovial joint | covering the bone ends in a synovial joint |
| The synovial ________ lines the joint capsules of synovial joints. | membrane |
| Using this generalized diagram of a synovial joint, identify the layer indicated by the arrows. (The anterior view of the internal parts of the synovial joint. Two arrows point to the outer part of the wing-like structure.) fibrous capsule joint cavity synovial membrane articular cartilage | synovial membrane |
| The ______ of a synovial joint encloses the joint and prevents bone ends from being pulled apart. articular cartilage joint capsule synovial membrane | joint capsule |
| The synovial membrane synthesizes ______. synovial fluid fibrocartilage menisci articular cartilage | synovial fluid |
| What connects two bones together in a synovial joint? ligaments tendons synovial fluid hyaline cartilage | ligaments |
| There are six major types of synovial joints based on their shapes and the movements they permit ball-and-socket joints, ________ joints, plane joints, _________ joints, pivot joints, and saddle joints. | Hinge; Condyloid |
| The inner layer of a joint capsule is the ________ _________, a shiny, vascular lining of loose connective tissue. | synovial membrane |
| Describe the location of synovial membranes. covering the ends of long bones forming the outer layer of joint capsules lining joint capsules connecting the flat bones of the skull | lining joint capsules |
| When a muscle contracts, its fibers pull its movable end, which is also called the ______. origin attachment insertion | insertion |
| A movement that decreases the angle of a joint, bringing the bones closer together, is called ________ | flexion/ flexing |
| Where does the fluid found within the synovial joint cavity come from? It is synthesized and secreted by the articular cartilage. It is secreted by the synovial membrane. It is produced during development and remains throughout life. | It is secreted by the synovial membrane |
| Bending your elbow is an example of ______ a joint. adducting extending flexing | flexing |
| What is one of the six types of synovial joint classifications? suture symphysis syndesmosis saddle | saddle |
| The rounded head of the ________ articulates with the shallow glenoid cavity of the _________ to form the shoulder joint. | Blank 1: humerus Blank 2: scapula |
| What type of articulation forms between the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus in the elbow joint? a ball-and-socket articulation a plane articulation a pivot articulation | a plane articulation |
| The fixed end of a muscle is the insertion. T/F? | False |
| The hip joint consists of the head of the ________ and the acetabulum of the pelvis. | femur |
| Flexion is a movement where the two bones or parts of the body are moved ______ each other. rotating relative to further from closer to | closer to |
| Select all that apply The knee joint includes two articulations. Indicate the articulations that are part of the knee joint. articulation between the tibia and the femur articulation between the tibia and the fibula articulation between the femur and the patella articulation between the tibia and the patella | Articulation between the tibia and the femur Articulation between the femur and the patella |
| Bending your knee is an example of what type of movement? abduction flexion supination | flexion |
| Changes in collagen in joints due to aging result in ______. inflammation and pain joint stiffness increased flexibility | joint stiffness |
| Select all that apply What two bony structures articulate to make the shoulder joint? head of the humerus glenoid cavity of the scapula greater tubercle of the humerus acromion process of the scapula | head of the humerus glenoid cavity of the scapula |
| Match the articulating surfaces to the correct articulation in the elbow joint. articulation between humerus and ulna articulation between humerus and radius | articulation between humerus and ulna - trochlea of the humerus, trochlear notch of the ulna articulation between humerus and radius - capitulum of the humerus, fovea of the radius |
| The two articulating surfaces of the hip joint are the _________ of the femur and the __________ of the hip bone. | Blank 1: head Blank 2: acetabulum |
| In the knee joint, the femur articulates with the _________ and the patella. | tibia |
| What is the major age-related change that occurs in joints that is an early sign of aging? joint pain due to tears in ligaments swelling in joints due to infections joint stiffness due to changes in collagen structure | joint stiffness due to changes in collagen structure |
| The elbow joint contains two articulations. The articulation between the trochlea and trochlear notch is a ______ joint. pivot hinge ball and socket | hinge |
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