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test 2
lab and diagnostic
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| CBC COMPONENTS- in a complete blood count there is | white blood cells, red blood cell, hematocrit, hemoglobin, platelets |
| White Blood cells -leukocytes | fight infection and inflammation |
| WBC- differential | counts the different types of WBCs, including Neutrophils, lymphocytes monocytes ,eosinophils, basophils |
| Red blood cells (RBCs) | carry oxygen to the body's tissues |
| Hematocrit (HCT) | is the percentage of blood volume made up of RBCs |
| Hemoglobin (HGB) | is the protein in RBCs that carries oxygen |
| Platelets | help blood clot |
| White blood cell has two components | Total number of WBCs, and differential count |
| Differential count- (types of leukocytes) | Neutrophils- make up to 50-60%,lymphocytes- make up to 20-40%, Monocytes-make up to -26%, Eosinophils-make up to 1-4% Basophils -make up to .5-1% |
| Total number of WBCs | White blood cells (WBCs) also known as leukocytes, are the body's primary defense against foreign organisms, such as Bacteria,Viruses,and fungi |
| All white blood cells(WBCs) | are produced in the bone marrow |
| A higher than normal WBC count is called | Leukocytosis-caused by infection, inflammation, certain types of cancer |
| A lower than normal WBC count is called | Leukopenia- caused by bone marrow disorders,medications,certain infections |
| Vitamin C deficiency | causes scurvy,(general weakness ,anemia, gum disease, skin hemorrhages |
| What food do you give scurvy patients | citrus fruits- oranges ,grapefruits, lemon ,lime |
| coagulation studies | PT (prothrombin time) & APTT (partial thromboplastin time) - helps evaluate a person’s ability to appropriately form blood clots) - Therapeutic APTT and PT levels are usually maintained 2 to 2.5 times the normal value. |
| WBC | 4.5 – 11.1 x 10 3 /microL |
| Complete Blood Count (CBC) - | WBC,RBC,HCT,HGB,PLATELETS |
| Thrombocytopenia | low platelets. |
| Therapeutic drug levels (TDLs) | are the concentrations of a drug in the blood that are considered to be safe and effective. TDLs are typically measured in milligrams per liter (mg/L). |
| Peak and trough | levels are two important measurements of TDLs |
| Peak levels | are the highest concentrations of a drug in the blood after a dose is administered. |
| Trough levels | are the lowest concentrations of a drug in the blood before the next dose is administered. |
| What do peak and trough levels indicate? | Peak and trough levels indicate drug levels in an individual’s body. A peak is the highest level of a medication in the blood, while a trough is the lowest level of a medication in the blood |
| How are peak and trough performed? | After a drug has been absorbed ,its serum level its serum level can be monitored by drawing a blood specimen and measuring the level of the drug in the serum |
| why are peak and trough performed | to monitor and ensure that therapeutic ranges are obtained without reaching toxic levels |
| when are peaks and trough drawn | peak level is drawn 1 hour after administration trough levels are drawn 30 min before the next drug dose is sceduled to be adminstered. |
| trough levels | is the point when the drug is at its lowest concentration, indicating the rate of elimination. |
| What are the other reasons why peak and trough are performed | Influences on drug levels include how the drug is metabolized and detoxified and how well the drug is excreted. |
| stool testing- guaiac test | this test is a chemical test that detects the occult blood in the stool, it indicates abnormal bleeding is occurring somewhere in the digestive tract, |
| fecal occult blood testing | is used for initial /early screening for disorders such as cancer and for Gi bleeding, ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disorders and intestinal polyps. |
| stool testing | Do not mix urine and stool A small amount of fecal blood that is not visually apparent is termed occult blood Another common test is for OVA & Parasites (O&P) Some fecal collections require dietary restrictions before the collection |
| stool testing accuracy | Take samples from 3 different areas to enhance the accuracy of the test |
| 24 hour urine steps 1-3 | Instruct the patient to void and discard the first specimen, this is noted as the start time Save all subsequent urine in a special container Keep the specimen on ice or refrigerated |
| 24 hour urine last step | At the end of the specified time have the patient void and add that urine to the container, this completes the test |
| Xray | may be used to look for fractures, bone structural problems, foreign objects, asses for allergies to iodine, ,don't expose if pregnant ask about last period, dietary restrictions ,bowel prep remove metal objects, drink extra fluids |
| Endoscopy | lighted ,flexible instruments ,internal structures of the body such as the stomach ,colon ,bronchi, urinary system and biliary tree are viewed. |
| EKG | Graphic representation of the electrical impulses that the heart generates during the cardiac cycle, may be done at the bed side |
| nuclear scans | radioisotopes are injected and functional abnormalities of the brain, heart, lung and bones can be detected ,special preparation patient need to lie still drink extra fluids |
| endoscopy steps | NPO,BIOPSY (CANCER),BOWEL PREP,SIGNED CONSENT,SEDITIVE ,Assess vital signs (baseline, during and after )asses gag reflex, ambulate to alleviate gas |
| MRI | this test is another form of visualizing a patients organs and structure |
| MRI | is contraindicated in patients who have pacemakers ,defibullators, cochlear implants, pumps, artificial metal heart valves, and foreign metallic objects like bullets and shrapnel |
| Angiography | A test to determine blood flow through the patients blood vessels |
| Angiography steps | find out if the patient is allergic to shellfish or iodine before the test, requires consent, dye might burn of have a flushing sensation, post care -assessment of the injection site ,keep patient still ,fluids to eliminate the dye. |
| LUMBAR PUNCTURE | Done to examine Cerebral spinal Fluid for various reasons presents of organisms, measure the pressure of cerebral spinal fliud |
| Lumbar puncture steps | informed consent before test, nurse assist with positioning and maintaining position ,position maybe on their side ,young children sitting position with head flexed forward ,vital signs every 15 minutes for the 1hour then every 2 hours then 4 hours |
| lumbar puncture after procedure | get serial vitals every 15 minutes for the first hour, then every 2 hours, followed by 4 hours, patient is to remain on bed rest flat for 4 to 6 hours The patient is encouraged to drink fluids to avoid a headache and to replace the cerebrospinal fluid. |
| Thoracentesis | This procedure is used as a therapeutic action as well as to obtain specimens for testing.consent needed A needle is placed through the chest wall to obtain specimens During the procedure fluid may be removed from the pleural space |
| EGD Esophagogastroduodenoscopy | endoscopic procedure that allows your doctor to examine your esophagus, stomach and duodenum (part of your small intestine) |
| EGD performed | With an endoscope (small camera on the end of a tube) Patient asked to lay on their left side. Air is passed thru tube to help Dr see better Photos are taken, tissue samples may be taken Last about 15-30 mins |
| EGD pre assessment | Pre- BP, pulse ox, respiratory rate & ensure patient has been fasting for 12 hours |
| EGD post assessment | make sure the sedative has worn off appropriately. Patient is able to swallow and breath without discomfort |
| thoracentesis | Post procedure care after a thoracentesis includes listening to breath sounds and checking vital signs. Maintaining the patient’s position on the unaffected side for 1 hour will allow the site to heal |
Created by:
ayanah22
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