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GEOG 2051 Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. physical geography | the natural environment |
| 2. geography | the study of the spatial relationships among Earth's physical and cultural features and how they develop and change through time |
| 3. human geography | focuses on human phenomena, such as political voting patterns, human migration, transportation issues, and urban planning and development |
| 4. lithosphere | the earth's solid portions; interconnected with all other spheres and human interaction |
| 5. hydrosphere | the Earth's waters |
| 6. biosphere | living materials on the Earth |
| 7. atmosphere | the layer of gases around the Earth |
| 8. scientific method | the procedural framework that improves our understanding of the natural world |
| 9. world image | a comprehensive view of the world and human life |
| 10. theory | constructed from many hypotheses that have been tested and supported by data |
| 11. testing/falsification | the testing of the theory |
| 12. hypothesis | an educated guess on a subject |
| 13. system | a set of objects and their attributes that are linked together by flows of matter and energy |
| 14. open system | energy and matter are free to enter and leave; all natural systems Ex. Earth |
| 15. closed system | completely self contained; energy and matter are contained Ex. Watch |
| 16. static equilibrium | inputs are exactly balanced with outputs |
| 17. dynamic equilibrium | inputs and outputs are constantly changing based on the availability of resources |
| 18. budget | conservation of matter and energy (the law of conservation of matter and energy - matter and energy cannot be destroyed only converted to another form) |
| 19. positive budget | when deposits are larger than withdrawals - storage increases |
| 20. balances budget | when deposits and withdrawals are constant |
| 21. negative budget | when withdrawals are larger than deposits - storage decreases |
| 22. positive feedback | systems response to some change in inputs or environmental changes that influence; system continues the same cycle |
| 23. negative feedback | systems response to some change in inputs or environmental change that influence; systems are able to adjust to changes |
| 24. lag time | periods of transition in nature |
| 25. data types | the programming languages of maps |
| 26. one dimensional data | usually represented by a dot or dart; represents location |
| 27. three dimensional data | usually represented with a shape; represents regions or an area that has something in common EX. chorpleth maps - topographic regions isoline maps - show qualitative data |
| 28. two dimensional data | usually represented by a line; represents pathways |
| 29. maps | models of the Earth; data storage and retrieval devices |
| 30. scales | different spatial and temporal tools provide varied perspectives on physical phenomena |
| 31. earth systems | earth's four major physical systems |
| 32. graphing | a picture that measures a distance on a map - always correct no matter if you change the size of the map because the size of the scale changes as well |
| 33. coordinate systems | allows us to use different coordinates to find a specific place on a map; also known as the Cartesian system |
| 34. representative fraction | requires using calculations to find the real world application (does NOT stay accurate when changing the size of the map) |
| 35. legend | gives the information needed for the map to make sense - explanation of symbols |
| 36. latitude | known as parallels; horizontal lines used to find coordinates - the angle of latitude is 49 degrees (zero degrees in the equator) |
| 37. longitude | known as meridians - range from 0-180 degrees from east to west |
| 38. remote sensing | provides important information about earth's changing physical systems |
| 39. electromagnetic radiation | energy radiation out of objects in the form of waves |
| 40. passive remote sensors | refers to the process of receiving information from Earth's surface using sensors |
| 41. active sensors | a signal is sent using a transmitter - signals bounces off a surface and returns to the sender |
| 42. observation platforms | different forms of viewing the earth |
| 43. geostationary orbits | the satellite orbits the earth at the exact time the earth orbits |
| 44. polar orbits | satellites constantly moving over a new location; coverage of the entire Earth |
| 45. geographic information systems | a digital map that contains data about one particular aspect of the Earth's surface |
| 46. planetesimal hypothesis | the hypothesis that the planets and satellites of the solar system were formed by gravitational aggregation of planets |
| 47. geologic time | the period of time occupied by earth's geologic history |
| 48. precambrian time | denoting the earliest eon; ending 570 million years ago, during which the earth's crust formed and life first appeared in the seas |
| 49. phanerozoic | the geologic eon during which abundant animal and plant life existed |
| 50. quaternary | the eon that originated about 2 million years ago |
| 51. pleistocene | the geologic eon beginning abut two million years ago and ending 10000 years ago |
| 52. holocene | the geologic eon beginning 10000 years ago to now |
| 53. dating | the use of analysis to estimate the age of geological specimens |
| 54. relative dating | compares the age of one object or event with the age of another without specifying how old either is |
| 55. superposition dating | states that in such a sequence of rock layers, the oldest rocks are at the bottom and the youngest rocks are at the top |
| 56. absolute dating | an age that is specified in year before the present |
| 57. dendrochronology dating | tree ring dating |
| 58. radiometric dating | the technique of assigning ages to materials based on the radioactive decay of unstable elements in those materials |
| 59. isotope dating | method of determining the age of an object based on the decay of its constituent radioactive atoms |
| 60. half life dating | usually describes the decay of discrete entities like radioactive atoms |
| 61. uniformitarianism | the principle that the same gradual and nearly imperceptible processes are operating now and have operated in the past |
| 62. catastrophism | the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted chiefly from sudden violent and unusual events |
| 63. inner core | formed of iron, nickel, and other metals in extremely hot temperature; iron remains solid due to the pressure of the Earth crushing it into a smaller volume |
| 64. outer core | mostly made of iron with extremely hot temperatures but still slightly lower than the inner core; there is less pressure in this section allowing the metals to liquify |
| 65. lower mantle | layer of heated and slowly deforming solid rock that lies between the base of the crust and the outer core; solid rock but not rigid and unmovable |
| 66. asenthosphere | the layer of the mantle under considerably less pressure than the rest of the mantel; although the rocks here are still in a solid state, they are nearer to melting and are consequently weak and easily deformed |
| 67. uppermost mantle | this portion of the mantle is rigid and relatively brittle; does not deform and flow; when it is subjected to stresses it cracks and breaks |
| 68. continental crust | make up the continents; mainly composed of granite |
| 69. oceanic crust | lies beneath the oceans; mainly composed of basalt |
| 70. erosion | the transportation of rock fragments by moving water, ice, or air |
| 71. weathering | the process b which solid rock is dissolved and broken apart into smaller fragments |
| 72. lithification | the conversion of loose sediment into solid sedimentary rock |
| 73. metamorphosis | process of exposing rock to intense heat and pressure causing changes tot he molecular makeup of the rock |
| 74. sedimentary rocks | rocks that form from bits and pieces of other rocks by lithification |
| 75. clastic rock | composed of fragments of preexisting mineral and rock |
| 76. chemical weathering | changes in minerals in rock through chemical reactions involving water |
| 77. physical weathering | breaking rocks into smaller pieces without altering the chemical makeup of the rock |
| 78. evaporation | the changing of a liquid into a gas, often under the influence of heat |
| 79. precipitation | the process that separates solids from a solution |
| 80. igneous rock | rocks that form from cooling magma |
| 81. intrusive | type of igneous rock; formed inside crust; course grained texture |
| 82. extrusive | type of igneous rock; formed outside crust; cools rapidly, fine grained texture |
| 83. mafic magma | type of igneous rock; oceanic crustal materials |
| 84. felsic magma | type of igneous rock; less dense, forms continental rocks |
| 85. metamorphic rock | created by a set of processes called metamorphosis |
| 86. isotasy | vertical motions of the crust; weight loading and unloading; mountain formation and erosion; ice sheet growth and retreat |
| 87. plate tectonics | the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle |
| 88. folding | occurs under compression when forces act towards each other |
| 89. faulting | occurs under tension when forces pull away from each other |
| 90. earthquakes | a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movement within the earth's crust or volcanic action |
| 91. volcanism | the eruption of molten rock onto the surface of the Earth |
| 92. craton | a large, stable block of the earth's crust forming the nucleus of a continent |
| 93. shield | a large area exposed to crystalline igneous and metamorphic rocks that form tectonically stable areas |
| 94. terranes | a fragment of crustal material is formed on, or broken off of, on plate and molded to crust lying on another plate |
| 95. map projections | all maps introduce some degree of distortion |
| 96. cyndrilical projections | a type of map projection in which a cylinder is wrapped around a sphere |
| 97. planar projections | a type of map projection in which the detail of the globe are projected onto a plane |
| 98. conical projection | a type of map projection in which a cone is wrapped around a sphere |
| 99. oval projections | the combination of the cylindrical and conic projection |
| 100. divergent plate tectonics | a sea floor spreading zone; plates pull apart and create rift valleys |
| 101. convergent plate tectonics | plate push together; old crust is recycled |
| 102. subduction plate tectonics | a new lithosphere forms at mid-ocean ridges, and old lithosphere is recycled deep into the mantle |
| 103. transform boundary | neither create nor destroy lithosphere; relative motion is predominately horizontal |
| 104. wilson cycle | the cyclical opening and closing of ocean basins caused by movement of the Earth's plates |
| 105. tension | pulling apart from the middle; an aspect of a normal faulting |
| 106. compression | pushing into the middle/inwards; creates ridges and valleys; an aspect of a reverse fault |
| 107. Shear | forces acting in opposite direction; a result of lateral crust movement and strike-slip faults |
| 108. conglomerate rocks | unconsolidated sediment; when larger pebbles mix and smaller particles fall in between |
| 109. chemical sedimentary rocks | unconsolidated sediment; dissolved materials are resolidified through chemical processes |
| 110. organic sedimentary rocks | an accumulation of sedimentary rocks formed from the remains of organisms |
| 111. plutons | a dome shaped igneous mass, but only up to a few tens of kilometers in diameter |
| 112. sill | a horizontal sheet of igneous rock tat has cooled from magma injected between layers of preexisting rock |
| 113. dike | similar to a sill; but forms a vertical sheet of igneous rock |
| 114. laccolith | a shallow, dome shaped igneous rock body |
| 115. batholith | a body of intrusive igneous rocks hundreds of kilometers in extent and formed by the movement and fusion of numerous plutons |
| 116. joint | a natural break in a layer of rock that lacks any movement to the surface of the fracture |
| 117. orthogneiss | gneiss formed by squeezing of a grantic igneous pultonic rock |
| 118. global super continental cycle | the periodic aggregation and dispersal of the Earth's continental crust |
| 119. pangaea | the earth's last super continent |
| 120. continental drift | proposed that continents move slowly across Earth's surface |
| 121. paleomagnetism | the study of the record of the Earth's magnetic field in rocks, sediment, or archeological materials |
| 122. slope | a stretch of ground forming a natural or artificial incline |
| 123. steepness | the degree of inclination of a slope |
| 124. angle | the degree of measurement between the ground and the slope |
| 125. gradient | the measure of steepness or the degree of inclination of a feature relative to the horizontal plane |
| 126. friction | the ribbing of one surface against another |
| 127. waxing slope | a convex segment at the crest of the slope |
| 128. free face slope | bare rock; vertical, formed when cap rock collapses and rocks fall |
| 129. debris slope | dependent on the development of the free face slope |
| 130. waning slope | slope with a gentle concave profile |
| 131. falls | when debris tumble off a vertical or nearly vertical cliff face |
| 132. avalanches | a turbulent cloud of rock debris or snow that is mixed with air and races quickly down a steep slope |
| 133. slides | a general term for the rapid movement of rock and debris down a steep slope |
| 134. flows | slow moving slides usually mixed with large amounts of water |
| 135. creep | the imperceptible downslope movement of soil and regolith as their volume changes in seasonal expansion-contractions cycles |
| 136. parallel retreat | when material is removed by erosion as fast as it is moved down the slope |
| 137. slope decline | overall slope is flattened out |
| 138. slope replacement | when material accumulates at the slope base faster than it can be removed |
| 139. drip curtain | a calcite formation in the form of a wavy or folded sheet hanging from the rook or wall of a cave |
| 140. limestone column | a cylindrical dripstone that results when a stalactites joins with a stalagmite |
| 141. stalagmite | grow from the cavern floor upward as water drips from stalactites |
| 142. stalactite | formations that grow from the ceiling downwards |
| 143. dripstones | speleothems formed by precipitation of calcium carbonate by dripping water |
| 144. karst valley | a valley formed by collapse of the roof of a long fairly straight cave |
| 145. disappearing stream | a stream that leave the ground surface and flows into subterranean channels |
| 146. sinkholes | a depression in earth's surface that results form the weathering of carbonate rock underground |
| 147. tower karst | form where weak vertical joints focus the dissolution of the rock along vertical planes |
| 148. hydrolysis | occurs when water reacts with and combines with minerals in rocks to form new minerals |
| 149. oxidation | oxygen atoms combine with the minerals in rocks and weaken them |
| 150. frost action | a process by which water trapped in an opening in a rock freezes and expands, causing the opening to grow |
| 151. nuee ardente | a fast moving cloud like mass consisting of gas, hot ash, and other material ejected from an erupting volcano |
| 152. lapilli | marble to golf ball sized cooled fragments of lava |
| 153. pumice | light weighted, porous rock with at least 50% air |
| 154. ash | pulverized rock particles and solidified droplets of lava that form a fine powder |
| 155. bombs | a streamlined fragment of lava ejected from a volcano that cooled and hardened as it was still moving through the air |
| 156. viscosity | the thickness of a material |
| 157. seismic waves | built-up stress energy is released and travels through the crust |
| 158. elastic rebound theory | describes how fault blocks bend, break, and rebound back to their original shape as they move in relation to one another |
| 159. focus | the location of initial movement along a fault during an earthquake |
| 160. epicenter | the location on the ground's surface immediately above the focus of the earthquake and is usually the area of greatest shaking |
| 161. foreshock | small shocks proceeding the main shock |
| 162. afterschock | smaller earthquakes after the main shock |
| 163. mercalli scale | earthquake scale based subjectively on the observed damage done to structures |
| 164. moment magnitude scale | an earthquake ranking system based on the amount of ground movement produced |
| 165. strike | when two pieces of land move horizontally to each other |
| 166. dip | when two pieces of land change their vertical position compared to each other |
| 167. symmetrical | the limbs are mirror images |
| 168. assymetrical | the limbs are not mirror images |
| 169. plunge pool | small concave area at the base of a overhang |
| 170. anticline | a fold in the crust with an arch like ridge |
| 171. syncline | a fold in the crust with a u shaped dip |
| 172. limb | the peak of an anticline |
| 173. carbonation | acidic water reacts with the calcite in limestone, causing dissolution, the process in which minerals are dissolved in water and carried away |
| 174. pyroclast | encompass any fragmented solid material that is ejected from a volcano |
| 175. mass movement | the movement of rock, soil, snow, or ice downslope by gravity |
| 176. slump | a type of mass movement in which regolith detaches and slides downslope along a spoon-shaped plane and comes to a rest more or less as a unit |
| 177. karst | refers to an area dominated by the weathering of carbonate rocks |
| 178. hot spot | a location at the base of the lithosphere where high temperatures cause the overlying crust to melt |
| 179. root wedging | occurs when a plant root grows into a joint seeking water |
Created by:
rewert1
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