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Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| All living things are made up of four classes of large biological molecules: | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids |
| Polymer | a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks a reaction in which a water molecule is used during the breakdown |
| monomers | the repeating units that serve as building blocks |
| 3/4 classes of life's organic molecules are | polymers: Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids. |
| Enzymes | are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. (make and break polymers) |
| Dehydration reaction or condensation | happens when two monomers bond together through the lss of a water molecule |
| Hydrolysis | a reaction that water break the polymers into monomers, reverse of the dehydration reaction. |
| Disaccharide | formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides. |
| Glycosidic linkage | a chemical bond in the form of a covalent connection that connects a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group |
| Monosaccharides* | simple sugars: Glucose, Galactose, Fructose. |
| Disaccharides | (also called a double sugar ) is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides (simple sugars) are joined by glycosidic linkage. 2 monomers |
| Oligosaccharides | 3-10 monomers, e.g. in cell membrane represent carbohydrates that contain between 3 and 10 single sugar residues |
| Polysaccharides | the most form of carbohydrates that existed in nature. 11-∞ e.g. starch or glycogen |
| Polysaccharide cellulose | is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells |
| Helix | a type of smooth space curve with tangent lines at a constant angle to a fixed axis (Twisted) |
| Chitin | another structural polysaccharide, is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods (like bugs). Embedded in proteins It also provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi. Chitin is used to make strong and flexible surgical thread. |
| Lipids | are the one class of large biological molecules that does not include true polymers |
| Features of lipids | are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules They mix poorly, if at all, with water are hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds |
| The most biologically important lipids are | fats, phospholipids, and steroids |
| Monoglycerides | are a form of fatty acid, along with triglycerides and diglycerides. |
| Ester linkage/bond | The bond that forms between the oxygen and carbon atoms. |
| Triacylglycerol (Triglyceride) | Fat molecule major form of dietary lipid in fats and oils |
| Saturated fatty acid | tends to stay solid at room temperature e.g. butter most animal fats |
| Usaturated fatty acid | liquid at room temperature e.g. olive oil, avocado, fish fats, and plant fats |
| Hydrogenation | is the process of converting unsaturated fats into saturated fats by adding hydrogen |
| Functions of fats: | energy storage, human and other mammals store their long-term food reserves in adipose cells, adipose tissue also cushions vital organs and insulates the body |
| Phospholipid | two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol |
| Steroids | are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings |
| Cholesterol | a type of steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes and a precursor from which other steroids are synthesized |
| Proteins | account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells some proteins speed up chemical reactions other functions: defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, or structural support |
| *Important amino acids | Glycine, Methionine, Proline (hydrophobic) Cysteine, Asparagine, Glutamine (hydrophilic) Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid, Arginine (acidic, - charged) |
| Polypeptides (amino acid polymers) | peptide bonds Dipeptide: 2 Tripeptide: 3 Oligopeptide: 4-10 Polypeptide: 11-50 Protein: 50-infinity |
| The levels of protein structure: 1 | Primary: unique sequence of amino acids Secondary: found in most proteins, consist of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain |
| The levels of protein structure: 2 | Tertiary: determined by interactions among various side chain (R Groups) Quaternary: results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains |
| Disulfide | Strong covalent bonds Bridge |
| Macromolecule | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| Collagen | a fibrous protein consisting of three polypeptides coiled like a rope |
| Hemoglobin | a globular protein consisting of four polypeptides: two alpha and two beta chains |
| Chaperonins | are protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins |
| Functions of Nucleic acids: | store, transmit, and help express hereditary information |
| Gene | the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance consist of DNA |
| Nucleic acid | made of monomers called nucleotides |
| two types of nucleic acid | Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
| Components of nucleic acids: | are polymers called Polynucleotides each polynucleotide is made of monomers called nucleotides |
| Nucleoside | = Nitrogen base + sugar two families: 1. Pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) which have a single 6 membered ring 2. Purines (adenine and guanine) have a 6 membered ring fused to a 5 membered ring. |
| DNA vs RNA | DNA: Sugar is deoxyribose Thymine (T) RNA: Sugar is ribose (has 1 more O atom than deoxyribose) Uracil (U) Shared: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) |
| Nucleotide | = nucleoside + phosphate group |
| Genomics | analyzing large sets of genes or even comparing whole genomes of different species the study of sets of genes within and between species |
| Proteomics | a similar analysis of large sets of proteins including their sequences the study of whole sets of proteins encoded by the genome (known as proteomes) |
| Distribution of building blocks in plant cell: | Proteins, Nucleus, Lipid droplets, Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Cell wall, Starch |
| Distribution of building blocks in animal cell: | Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoskeleton, cytoplasm, glycogen, fat |
| Organelle | is a membrane founded structure inside of the cell that has a specific function |
| Tissues | Combination of cells |
| Organisms | a living species |
| Population | individuals in one area of the same species that breed together e.g. humans |
| Communities | All organisms that live in a particular area, assembly of different species living close together to interact with each other e.g. Lake Tahoe: trees, fishes, birds, humans |
| ecosystems | Interaction of all organisms in a given area (biotic and abiotic), one or more communities. |
| The Biosphere | Combination of all ecosystems on Earth. |
| Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes | Two types of cells Both have: Chromosomes, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane |
| Kingdoms | Prokaryotae, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia |
| Phyla | Chordata |
| Classes | Mammalia |
| Orders | Primates |
| Families | Hominidae |
| Genera | Homo |
| Species | Sapiens |
| Three domains of life: | Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya Bacteria + Archaea = Prokaryotes |
| 3 domains | Domain Bacteria, Domain Archaea, Domain Eukarya |
| 5 Kingdoms | Kingdom animalia, plantae, fungi, Protists |
| What is ATP and how does it work? | Is Adenosine triphosphate, Adenosine is made up of Adenine and ribose |
| The 7 chemical functional groups: | Hydroxyl group, Carbonyl, carboxyl, Amino, Sulfhydryl, Phosphate, Methyl |
| Cis isomers | The two Xs are on the same side |
| trans isomers | the two Xs are on opposite side (mirroring) |
| Isomers | compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties |
| E.g. of Isomers | Structural isomers: have different covalent arrangements of their atoms Cis-trans isomers: have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements Enantiomers: are isomers that are mirror images of each other |
| Hydrocarbons | organic molecules consisting of only C and H e.g. fats, carbohydrates Releases 9kcal energy |
| How many covalent bonds can attach to H, O, N, C? | H = 1 O = 2 N = 3 C = 4 |
| Organic molecules | C to C or C to H |
| Vitalism | was the belief in a life force outside of the jurisdiction of physics and chemical laws |
| Why C is the backbone of life? | All living organism is based on C. C can bond to 4 other atoms (C, H, O, N) or groups of atoms |
| Buffer | are substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution |
| 3 mixtures | Solution = solute + solvent Colloids - sol-gel transformation (Jello powder + Water) Suspensions (Water + Oil or Water + Sand) |
| Solution | Comination of solute + solvent |
| Solvent | Liquid |
| Solute | Solid (salt, sugar) |
| Aqueous solution | water is the solvent |
| Cohension | a phenomenon where hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together |
| Adhesion | an attraction between different substances e.g. between water and plant cell walls |
| The four water's properties that contributes to Earth's suitability | Cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, versatility as a solvent |
Created by:
mansari3
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