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Bio Exam 1
Chapter 1-3
| Amino Acids | The monomers that make up proteins // Structures like: Carboxyl group (-COOH) // Linked by Peptide Bonds // Ex. Nonpolar aliphatic |
| Peptic Bonds | Links amino acids |
| Nucleic Acids | Constitute the genetic material of living organisms // Found in mitochondria, cholroplasts, etc. |
| Lipids | A diverse group of non-polar hydrocarbons // Fats, oils, waxes, steroids, etc. |
| Proteins | A polypeptide or multiple polypeptides with biological function // regulatory, structural, protective, transport, catalytic |
| Carbohydrates | Provide energy in form to body of glucose // (CH20) // Ratio 1 : 2 : 1 |
| Monosaccharides | Contains a carbonyl group C=O // 3-7 carbons & bound to a hydroxyl group // Aladoses, Ketoses, Pentoses, Trioses |
| Disaccharides | Forms when two monosacchariedes are linked in a dehydration reaction // Ex. Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose |
| Polysaccharides | Long chain of monosaccharides // Distinguished by glycosidic links // Starch, Cellulose, Chitin, Glycogen |
| Chitin | Contains nitrogen// the hard exoskeleton of arthropods and cell walls of fungi |
| RNA Type #1 | Messenger |
| RNA Type #2 | Transfer |
| RNA Type #3 | Ribosomal |
| Macromolecule Class #1 | Carbohydrates |
| Macromolecule Class #2 | Lipids |
| Macromolecule Class #3 | Proteins |
| Macromolecule Class #4 | Nucleic Acids |
| Isomers | Molecules that have the same chemical formula but differ in placement arrangement of atoms or types of bonds between atoms |
| Phospholipids | Molecule with two fatty acids & a modified phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone // amphipathic |
| Primary Structure | Amino acid sequence based upon gene encoding that protein // A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA leading to change in amino acid |
| Tertiary Strucutre | The unique three dimensional structure of polypeptide due to chemical interactions between R-Groups // Ex. Ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding |
| Secondary Structure | Local folding of the polypeptide due to hydrogen bonding in polypeptide backbone |
| Quaternary Strucutre | Interactions between several polypeptides that make up a protein |
| DNA Code | AATTGCGC |
| Deoxyribe | Found in DNA |
| Purines | Double Ring Adenine // Guaninie |
| Pyrimidines | Single Ring Adenine // Uracil |
| What is the role of DNA in the cell? | It codes for the genome of cell - entire genetic content |
| Denaturation | The breaking of many weak links or bonds with a portion molecule |
| Ribose | Found in RNA |
| Chromatin | Complex of DNA and histone proteins |
| Essential Amino Acid #1 | Isoleucine |
| Essential Amino Acid #2 | Leucine |
| Essential Amino Acid #3 | Cysteine |
| Polypeptide | A chain of amino acids joins together in peptide linkages |
| Secondary Structure Types | Helix & Pleated Sheet |
| Properties of Life | Energy processing, Homeostasis, Regeneration, Growth & Development, Reproduction & Hereditary, Sensitivity or Response to stimuli |
| Most common elements of living | Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen |
| Trans Configuration Carbons | Opposite sides & come in double bonds // No kink |
| Cis Configuration Carbons | Same sides & come in double bonds // Kinks in chain |
| Structural Isomers | different covalent arrangements of atoms |
| Geometric Isomers | Different covalent arrangements of atoms around a double bond |
| Enantiomers | Molecules that share chemical formula and bonds but differ in 3D placement of atoms |
| Enzymes | Biological molecules that catalyze or speed up reactions // Catabolic & Anabolic |
| Non-polar hydrocarbons | Hydrophobic // Ex. Lily pads |
| Fats | Glycerol & Fatty Acids |
| Saturated fatty acids | DOES NOT CONTAIN Carbon-Carbon double bonds // Packs tightly |
| Unsaturated fatty acids | At least 1 Carbon-Caron double bond |
| One strand pairs with ____ in the other strand | thymine |
| # of electrons in the valence shell of a carbon atom | 4 |
| A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances | element |
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