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Bio Chapter 4
Energy of Life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Energy being used to do work; energy of motion | Kinetic Energy |
| Stored energy available to do work | Potential Energy |
| What is an example of kinetic energy? | Sound, a person walking or jogging |
| What is an example of potential energy? | A stick of dynamite, a charged battery |
| The energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water from 14.5 degrees C to 15.5 degrees C. | Calorie (c) |
| What are the two rules of the Law of Thermodynamics? | 1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed 2.Every reaction loses some energy to the surroundings as heat; entropy always increases |
| A measure of the energy content in food; equal to 1000 calories or 1 food calorie | Kilocalorie (kcal) |
| Randomness or disorder | Entropy |
| A chemical reaction that requires a net input of energy | Endergonic Reaction |
| A energy-releasing chemical reaction | Exergonic Reaction |
| What is an example of a Endergonic Reaction? | Photosynthesis, protein synthesis, and DNA replication |
| What is an example of a Exergonic Reaction? | Combustion, (use of potential energy) |
| What is an example of a Redox Reaction? | fire, rusting of metals, browning of fruit, and photosynthesis. |
| What is an example of Oxidation? | iron interacts and combines with oxygen to form the iron oxide, or the famous reddish or orangish component: rust |
| Chemical reaction in which one reactant is oxidized and another is reduced | Redox Reaction |
| The loss of one or more electrons by a participant in a chemical reaction | Oxidation |
| The gain of one or more electrons by a participant in a chemical reaction | Reduction |
| ____ act as electron carriers, hanging onto electrons they receive for a short time before delivering them to other ______ | Molecules |
| Membrane bound molecular complex that shuttles electrons to slowly extract their energy | Electron Transport Chain |
| ATP is a type of _______. | Nucleotide |
| Two simultaneous chemical reactions, one of which provides the energy that drives the other | Coupled Reactions |
| What is an example of a Coupled Reaction? | The hydrolysis of ATP |
| The addition of a phosphate to a molecule | Phosphorylation |
| ATP's high energy phosphate bonds make the molecule too unstable for ____ term storage. | Long |
| Energy required for a chemical reaction to begin | Activation Energy |
| Enzymes bring ______ (called substrates) into contact with one another so that less energy is required for the reaction to proceed. | Reactants |
| Reactions occur more rapidly if activation energy is ____ | Low |
| The part of an enzyme to which substrates bind | Active site |
| Inorganic or organic substance required for the activity of an enzyme | Cofactor |
| What are some examples of Cofactors? | Zinc, Iron, and Copper |
| What are the two ways in which Negative feedback works? | Noncompetitive, Competitive |
| Change in an enzyme's shape occurring when an inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site | Noncompetitive Inhibition |
| Change in an enzyme's activity occurring when an inhibitor binds to the active site, competing with the enzyme's normal substrate | Competitive Inhibition |
| The property that enables a membrane to admit some substances and exclude others | Selective Permeability |
| Concentrations of some dissolved substances (solutes) are _____ inside the cell than outside, and others are lower. | Higher |
| The difference in solute concentrations between 2 adjacent regions | Concentration Gradient |
| Movement of a solute across a membrane without the direct expenditure of energy | Passive Transport |
| Movement of a substance from a region where it is highly concentrated to an area where it is less concentrated | Diffusion |
| Form of passive transport in which substances move across the membrane WITHOUT assistance from transport proteins | Simple Diffusion |
| Water diffuses across a selectively permeable membrane | Osmosis |
| Substance moves across membrane WITH assistance from transport proteins | Facilitated Diffusion |
| Net movement is against concentration gradient; requires transport protein and energy input, often from ATP | Active Transport |
| What is the difference between Active Transport and Passive Transport? | Active transport requires energy for the movement of molecules whereas passive transport does not require energy for the movement of molecules |
| What is the difference between Competitive and Noncompetitive Inhibition? | Competitive inhibitions involve molecules other than the substrate binding to the active site of an enzyme, whereas in noncompetitive inhibition molecules bind to any site other than the active site |
| A form of transportation in which the membrane engulfs incoming substances, enclosing it in a vesicle | Endocytosis |
| A form of transportation in which vesicles fuses with cell membrane, releasing substances outside of the cell | Exocytosis |
| Condition in which a solute concentration is the same on both sides of a selectively permeable membrane | Isotonic |
| Describes a solution in which the solute concentration is lower than on the other side of a selectively permeable membrane | Hypotonic |
| Describes a solution in which the solute concentration is higher than on the other side of a selectively permeable membrane | Hypertonic |
| The force of water pressing against the cell wall, keeps plants upright | Turgor Pressure |
| Protein that uses energy from ATP to transport Na+ out of cells and K+ into cells | Sodium-Potassium Pump |
| A form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs a large particle | Phagocytosis |
Created by:
Sydboyer15
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