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Microbiology
Celebration 2 Material
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Differences between bacteria and archaea | Ribosomes, cell walls, cell membranes, RNA polymerase, genome packaging |
| Why is the SA/V ratio important? | When SA is down, there is more difficulty for the plasma membrane to regulate movement of molecules. Also chemical reactions are less efficient with a higher V. |
| Why aren't cells smaller than 0.2 micrometers? | A problem if the organelles don't fit inside (ribosomes, mitochondria, DNA) |
| Round morphology | Cocci |
| Rod morphology | Basilli |
| Rod and S shaped morphology | Spirillum |
| What cell shape is like a coma? | Vibro |
| What cell shape is coiled? | Spiral |
| What cell shape is star shaped? | Stella |
| What cell shape is short and plump? | Coccobasillus |
| Arrangements for cocci | Single, diplo, strep, tetrad, sarcinae, staph |
| How are tetrads formed? | A cocci divides along two planes (forms a square of cocci) |
| How is a sarcinae formed? | A cocci divides along three planes (forms a 3D cube) |
| Arrangements of bacilli | Single, diplo, strep, coccobasillus |
| Why are bacilli limited to only chains (no staph)? | Bacilli don't have an option on axis of replication |
| What determines arrangement of bacterial cells? | Pattern of division and if/how cells remain attached after division |
| What can pass through the phospholipid bilayer easily? | Small and nonpolar, uncharged particles |
| Three major functions of plasma membrane | Barrier (selectively permeable), protein anchor, energy conservation (site of generation of protein motive force). |
| Why is maintaining membrane fluidity important and what factors influence it? | Temperature (cold is rigid, breaks, hot can't hold shape) and fatty acid content to make it fluid. |
| Diffusion | Passive movement of substances from high->low concentration |
| Osmosis | Water is attracted to solute and moves from low solute to high solute concentration |
| Hypertonic | fluid rushes out, shrivels |
| Hypotonic | Fluid rushes in, swell |
| Isotonic | Same solute concentration on both sides of the |
| Primary transport | Active transport fueled by ATP |
| Secondary transport | Active transport with energy from coupling compound with molecule going down its concentration gradient |
| Phosphotransferase | Active transport where phosphate changes the shape of a protein |
| What are the major components of a cell envelope | Cell membrane, cell wall, outer membrane, glycocalyx |
| All bacterial cell walls contain ____. | Peptidoglycan |
| What is the main function of cell wall? | Shape |
| Structure of gram positive bacteria | Thick peptidoglycan layer over a plasma membrane. Teichoic acid goes from peptidoglycan to outside, and lipoteichoic acid goes from plasma membrane through the peptidoglycan to the outside |
| Gram positive bacteria | Stain purple |
| Structure of gram negative bacteria | Outer membrane with liposaccharide pointing out from its surface, a thin peptidoglycan layer and then the plasma membrane. A porin will cross through all of it. Periplasmic space is from the inside of the outer membrane to the plasma membrane. |
| Steps in gram staining | Primary stain (crystal violet), moderant (iodine), decolorizer to turn gram negative colorless (alcohol), then counter stain (safrarin) so gram negative is pink |
| What do acid fast bacteria do when gram stained? | They have a waxy outer layer, so they weakly respond, but are still called gram positive |
| What does acid fast staining detect? | Waxy lipid called mycolic acid that is in cell walls |
| Notable acid fast bacteria | Mycobacterium |
| Fimbriae | Hair-like appendages that allow for attachment (short) |
| Pili | Involved in motility (twitching). Conjugation types are involved in DNA transfer |
| What powers flagellar movement? | Proton motive force |
| Flagella | Long, thin appendages that rotate clockwise or counterclockwise for movement |
| Monotrichas | One flagella |
| Lophotrichus | Multiple flagella attached at one point |
| Amphitrichus | Flagella at both poles of bacteria |
| Peritrichous | Flagella all over the cell |
| Mechanism for flagellar movement | Run->tumble->run |
| Run | All flagella rotate counterclockwise to shoot the bacteria in a certain direction |
| Tumble | Flagella go through random movement to readjust themselves, rotating clockwise |
| Osmotaxic | Bacterial movement in response to ionic strength |
| Hydrotaxis | Bacterial movement in response to water |
| Aerotaxis | Bacterial movement in response to oxygen |
| Phototaxis | Bacterial movement in response to light |
| How does bacteria go towards an attractant? | Biased random walking (run->tumble) |
| Twitching | Type IV pili extend, attach to surface and retract to pull forward |
| Gliding | Smooth continuous motion along long axis of bacteria without external structure. Mostly with spirella |
| Glycocalyx | Either a slime layer or a capsule; protects cells from dehydration and nutrient loss, decreases death by white blood cells and the attachment of it creates biofilms |
| Nucleoid | The 1, circular chromosome of a bacteria with the cytosol |
| Plasmids | Extrachromal DNA (exists and replicates independent of chromosome |
| Conjugative plasmid | Transfers DNA from one cell to another |
| R plasmid | Carries antibiotic resistance genes |
| Col plasmid | Produces bacteriocins that destroy closely related species of cells |
| Virulence plasmid | Carry virulence genes that makes bacteria pathogenic |
| Metabolic plasmid | Carry genes for enzymes |
| Eukaryote ribosomes | 80S (40S with 60S), bigger than prokaryotic. Can be free or bound |
| All ribosomes: | Are made of protein and rRNA and are the site of protein synthesis |
| Bacterial ribosomes: | 70S, with 3 types of rRNAs |
| Archaeal ribosomes: | 70S with 4 rRNAs |
| Sporulation | Process of forming an endospore |
| Endospore | Makes bacteria highly resistant to environmental stress; the cell is not reproductive and has dipocolonic acid and calcium ions to help it resist environmental stress |
| _______ make endospores resistant to environmental stress. | Dipocolonic acid and calcium ions (DPA) |
| Vegetative cell | Cell that can actively grow and divide |
| Steps of sporulation: | Genetic material copies, is packaged, mother cell engulf it to surround it in coating, mother cell disintegrates, the spore is formed |
| Evidence for endosymbiotic theory | Mito and chlor have ribosomes that are similar to bacteria, 1 circular chromosome, are affected by antibiotics, and have double membrane. Mito has its own DNA that replicates separately. |
| Mitochondria | Generates ATP and synthesizes some amino acids and contributes to apoptosis |
| Chloroplast | Used in photosynthesis, takes photons to generate energy |
| Bound ribosomes | In eukaryotes, ribosomes that are transiently attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. |
| Euk v. prok differences | Euk-larger, protists, fungi, animals, sexual reproduction (meiosis), sterols, multiple linear DNA, 80S and 70S ribosomes, nucleus Prok-smaller, unicell bacteria/archaea, binary fission reproduction, most have cell wall, 70S only, 1 circular DNA |
| ______ and ____ types of reproduction are similar. They have _____ variations. | Mitosis and binary fission, very little |
| Meiosis generates _____ variations in DNA. | Many |
| Animals | Multicellular with no cell wall or chloroplasts with mitochondria. Parasitic worms, ticks, mosquitoes |
| Plants | No pathogens, just toxins. Multicellular with cell wall, chloroplasts, and mitochondria |
| Fungi | Can cause diseases called mycoses, but few true pathogens. Unicellular yeast, multicellular others. Cell wall and mitochondria but no chloroplasts |
| Protists | Lots cause malaria, amoebic dysentary, and toxins. Animal like are unicellular, plant/fungal like are multicellular. Most have mito and some have chloro/cell wall |
| Nematodes | Roundworms, in gut and spread by fecal/oral. Hookworms, pinworms |
| Cestodes | Flatworms. In digestive tract, fecal/oral and undercooked meat transmission. Long. Tapeworms |
| Trematodes | Flatworms. Flukes, can live many places, contaminates food/water or burrow into host |
| Mycoses | Fungal diseases |
| Mycoses usually occur in the: | Immunocompromised and people with disruption of normal microbiota |
| What mycoses are true pathogens? | Pulmonary and dematophytes |
| Pathogenic protozoans are classified by _____. | Motility in their mature form |
| Amoeboid | Pathogenic protozoans moving by a crawl-like movement |
| Flagellated | Pathogenic protozoans moving by flagella |
| Ciliated | Pathogenic protozoans moving by cilia |
| Spore-forming | Pathogenic protozoans moving by worm esque movement |
| How does a virus differ from a cell? | Nonliving, no metabolism, needs a host |
| Why does a virus need a host? | Needs it to do things for it (synthesize proteins), and entry into host allows it to replicate |
| What is unusual about viral genomes? | Diversity--can be double stranded, single stranded, RNA, DNA, etc. |
| Caspid | Protein coating that covers viruses |
| Nucleocaspid | Nucleic acids + caspid of a virus |
| What is the difference between naked viruses and enveloped viruses? | Has envelope and glycoprotein |
| Envelope of virus | Covers the nucleocapsid, used to be a plasma membrane. Has glycoproteins for attachment |
| Pithovirus | Largest virus. Affects amoeba, found in ice core and reheated to become dangerous again |
| Size range of viruses | 20-100 nm |
| Number of genes in viruses | 1 to thousands |
| Most animal viruses have either _____ or ______ capsids. | Helical, icosahedral |
| Icosahedral capsid | Capsid that is shaped like a hedron (very shapey, like a block from geometry) |
| _______ exhibit complex capsid structure. | Bacteriophages |
| Helical capsids | Winding, cylindrical capsid shape |
| Deviations from two common virus capsid structures are called ____. | Complex capsids |
| Sheath | Part of complex capsid that extends from it to make the shaft of the space-ship like structure |
| Baseplate | At the bottom of the sheath, connects to tail fibers and pin |
| Tail fibers | Long "legs" attached to base plate of complex capsid structure |
| Spikes | Feature of enveloped viruses |
| Hemagglutinin (G) | Type of viral spike that binds to host cells |
| Neuraminidase (N) | Type of viral spike that is for exiting host cell |
| Peplomers | Type of spike on a naked virus that interacts with host cell |
| Viral genes encode | Capsomere proteins (to make capsid), enzymes for viral replication, and structural factors |
| All viruses must be able to make ______ that can be translated by host cell ribosomes to make proteins. | mRNA |
| ______ viruses tend to closely resemble cells in mRNA production. | DNA |
| _______ viruses have four general pathways they may use to get to mRNA. | RNA |
| Beneficial mutations may allow viruses to: | Broaden host range, increase infectivity rate, avoid immune system, expand cell type range |
| Viruses exhibit a faster rate of genomic change than living infectious agents because | They don't check their DNA for mistakes as much as living ones do and they have quicker replicaiton. |
| Antigenic shift | Major genetic reassortment of viruses. Mixed genetic information of two viruses. When structure that elicits immune response. |
| Antigenic drift | Mutations that occur in viral genome. Minor change of spikes |
| Why is antigenic shift more likely to lead to expanded host range than antigenic drift? | Because there is a lot more change in the genetic information. |
| Pandora | Many genes, on the border between nonliving and living |
Created by:
RunningMads
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