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Bio Chapter 2
Chemistry of Life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| All substances contain _____, ______, and the ability to ____. | Matter, energy, ability to work |
| An element that an organism requires in large amounts | Bulk Elements |
| What are the 6 bulk elements? | Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur |
| An element that an organism requires in small amounts | Trace Element |
| Name three trace elements: | Zinc, Copper, Selenium |
| A type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, or between two atoms with sharply different electronegativities, | Ionic Bond |
| is a covalent bond between two atoms where the electrons forming the bond are unequally distributed. | Polar Covalent Bond |
| is a type of chemical bond that is formed when electrons are shared equally between two atoms. Thus, in an atom, the number of electrons shared by the adjacent atoms will be the same. | Nonpolar Covalent Bond |
| is an attraction between two atoms that already participate in other chemical bonds. One of the atoms is hydrogen, while the other may be any electronegative atom, such as oxygen. | Hydrogen Bond |
| is a type of chemical bonding that arises from the electrostatic attractive force between conduction electrons and positively charged metal ions. | Metallic Bond |
| Volume of space where a particular electron is likely to be | Orbital |
| Group of electron orbitals that share the same energy level | Electron Shell |
| Outermost occupied energy shell of an atom | Valence Shell |
| Attractive forces that hold atoms together | Chemical Bond |
| the attraction of water molecules to one another | Cohesion |
| The attraction of water molecules to substances other than water | Adhesion |
| Consists of a solute dissolved in a solvent | Solution |
| Water dissolves ______ (polar/charged) substances but not ______ (nonpolar substances) | Hydrophilic, hydrophobic |
| Ice floats because it is ___ dense than liquid water. | Less |
| Protons + Neutrons =? | Atomic mass |
| In pure water, concentrations of H+ and OH- are ____, so the solution is neutral. | Equal |
| Consists of a weak acid base pairs that maintain the optimal pH ranges of body fluids with H+ | Buffers |
| What is an example of a "buffer"? | Our blood serves as a natural buffer to maintain ph |
| Compound containing both carbon and hydrogen, consists of small units called monomers, which link together to form polymers | Organic molecule |
| Chains of monomers linked together | Polymers |
| Chemical reaction linking monomers into polymers | Dehydration synthesis |
| Chemical reaction breaking monomers apart from polymers by adding water | Hydrolysis |
| Compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1 | Carbohydrates |
| Single-ring sugars, such as glucose (smallest carbs) | Monosaccharide |
| A simple sugar that consists of two bonded monosaccharides | Disaccharide |
| An intermediate-length carbohydrate consisting of 3 to 100 monosaccharides (complex carbohydrates) | Oligosaccharide |
| Single unit of a carbohydrate, protein, nucleic acid, or lipid | Monomers |
| Water is resistant to changes in ______, large amounts of heat energy is required to raise it. | Temperature |
| Water expands when it _____. | Freezes |
| A carbohydrate consisting of hundreds of monosaccharides, provides and stores energy. | Polysaccharide |
| A polymer consisting of amino acids and folded into its function 3d shape | Protein |
| An organic molecule consisting of a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and an R group | Amino Acid |
| A long polymer of amino acids, it is called a protein once it folds into its functional shape | Polypeptide |
| A covalent bond between adjacent amino acids, results from dehydration synthesis | Peptide bond |
| To modify a protein's shape so that its function is destroyed | Denature |
| Organisms use over _____ types of amino acids. | Twenty |
| Water molecules are "locked" into _______ shapes due to hydrogen bonding. | Hexagonal |
| Dehydration synthesis reaction _____ amino acids to each other. | Connects |
| Water breaks into two pieces, ___ and __ ions | OH-, H+ |
| Chemicals that add H+ to a solution | Acids |
| Chemicals that take away H+, or add OH- to a solution | Bases |
| A long polymer of nucleotides; DNA or RNA | Nucleic Acid |
| Building block of a nucleic acid; consists of a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a five carbon sugar | Nucleotide |
| A nitrogen-containing compound that forms part of the nucleotide | Nitrogenous Base |
| RNA is _____ stranded, enables cells to use the protein encoding information in DNA | Single |
| Is a modified RNA nucleotide that carries energy that cells use in many biological functions | Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
| Lipids are ______ because they contain large areas dominated by nonpolar carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds | Hydrophobic |
| Hydrophobic organic molecules consisting mostly of carbon and hydrogen | Lipids |
| What are the 3 categories of lipids? | Triglycerides, steroids, and waxes |
| (fats) Consists of three long hydrocarbon chains, called fatty acids bonded to glycerol, a 3 carbon molecule that forms the triglyceride's backbone. | Triglyceride |
| A fatty acid with single bonds between all carbon atoms | Saturated Fatty Acid |
| A fatty acid with at least one double bond between carbon atoms | Unsaturated Fatty Acid |
| Lipid consisting of 4 interconnected carbon rings ex. Vitamin D and Cortisone | Steroids |
| Lipid consisting of fatty acids connected to alcohol or other molecules | Wax |
| _______ are an excellent energy source and provide twice as much energy as carbohydrates and protein; also known to slow digestion | Fats |
| What are the four types of organic molecules? | Proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates |
| Select the statement that correctly describes one of the bulk elements necessary for life. | Carbon (C) has four valence electrons and is likely to form covalent bonds. |
| Which of the following statements about acids and bases is/are true? (Check all that apply) | If the ratio of protons (H+) to hydroxide ions (OH-) is ten to one (10:1), then the solution is acidic Acidic compounds are those that release protons (H+) into solution |
| The _______ bonding between water molecules allows water to be cohesive and adhesive. | Hydrogen |
| Faciliate dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions | Enzymes |
| Because water is a _____ molecule, it is a good _______ for hydrophilic molecules. | Polar, Solvent |
| What concept does this statement describe? The electrons are more evenly and symmetrically distributed in orbit among atoms in a nonpolar covalent bonds. | the distinction between nonpolar and polar covalent bonds |
Created by:
Sydboyer15
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