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Bio 101 Chapters 1-4
This is for test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Science | is a PROCESS and the knowledge collected through that process! |
| Biology | is the study of living organisms |
| Hypothesis | tentative explanation, and testable and falsifiable |
| Theory | broad explanations that incorporate many hypotheses/laws from different lines of evidence or fields Example: Cell Theory and Theory of Natural Selection |
| Law | describes a mathematical relationship Example: Boyle's Law and Ideal Gas Law |
| Observation | Information obtained through the senses. |
| Experimentation | Testing if an idea is wrong or right |
| The Scientific Method | observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion |
| Theory of Natural Selection | Variation, overproduction, competition, natural selection, adaptation, genetic evolution shape populations. |
| Matter | anything that takes up space |
| Mass | the amount of matter in an object |
| Weight | force of gravity on matter |
| Element | pure substance made of ONE type of atom. Cannot be broken down, even by chemical reaction. |
| Compound | two or more different elements chemically combined, in a fixed ratio, into a new substance with new properties. |
| 96% of biomass is made out of | Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen |
| Atom | the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of the element |
| Proton | positive charge, mass = 1 amu/DA |
| Neutron | neutral charge, mass = 1 amu/DA |
| Electron | negative charge, mass ~0 |
| Atomic # | number of protons |
| Mass # | number of protons + neutrons |
| Isotopes | different atomic forms of an element containing different numbers of neutrons |
| Covalent Bonding | sharing of valence electrons between 2 atoms between two non-metals. |
| Ionic Bonding | strong electrostatic attraction between two atoms due to transfer of electron(s) from one atom to the other. Between a non-metal and metal. |
| Non-polar | electrons are shared equally between atoms |
| Polar | electrons are NOT shared equally |
| Weak Chemical Bonds | Weak bonds occur when the attraction between two molecules is weak and transient, These are not true "bonds", These bonds can be easily broken without changing the chemical nature of the molecule or compound Example: Hydrogen Bonding |
| Four central properties of water that allow life: | Cohesion Moderation of Temperature Ice Floats! Polar Solvent |
| Cohesion | Molecules stick together (also adhesion) Forms droplets, allows surface tension |
| Adhesion | Water sticks to other polar substances |
| Moderation of Temperature | High specific heat - water can absorb/release heat... Insulates! Heat of vaporization - water absorbs heat when it vaporizes (evaporative cooling) |
| Water is | a polar solvent |
| Dissociation of water molecules | creates pH effect |
| Solution | A completely homogeneous liquid mixture |
| Solvent | the dissolving agent (in a solution) |
| Solute | the substance that is dissolved (in a solution) |
| Hydrophilic | water "loving" (soluble) |
| Hydrophobic | water "fearing" (insoluble) |
| acid | is something that increases [H+] and lowers [OH-]. (If its less than 7 its a acid) |
| base | (If its greater than 7 its a base) is something that increases [OH-] and lowers [H+] |
| Buffer | is a substance that resist pH changes in a solution by absorbing/donating H+ ions (Example Carbonic Acid) |
| Carbon is the | backbone of biological molecules |
| Isomers | molecules with the same chemical FORMULA, but different STRUCTURE |
| Types of Isomers: | structural, geometric, enantiomers |
| Structural | Different covalent arrangement of atoms in space |
| Geometric | Different arrangement of atoms in space around a double bond |
| Enantiomers | Non-superimposable mirror images Requires a "chiral" carbon (bound to four different atoms) |
| Functional Groups | a group of atoms, commonly appearing together, that convey certain properties and participate in chemical reactions |
| The six most important in biology: | Hydroxyl... (OH) [this is NOT hydroxide (OH-)] Carbonyl (CO) Carboxyl (CO2H) Amino (NH2) Sulfhydryl (SH) Phosphate (PO4) |
| Hydroxyl (OH) | Compund: Alcohol Example: Ethanol Properties: Polar, water-attracting |
| Carbonyl (CO) | Compund: Ketones Aldehydes Example: Acetone Properties: Varies, polar' |
| Carboxyl (CO2H) | Compund: Carboxylic Acids Example: Acetic Acid Properties: Acidic and polar |
| Amino (NH2) | Compund: Amines Example: Glycine Properties: Basic, ionized at pH<10 |
| Sulfhydryl (SH) | Compund: Thiols Example: Cysteine Properties: Forms disulfide bridges, slightly acidic, low solubility in water |
| Phosphate (PO4) | Compund: Organic Phosphates Example: Glycerol Phosphate Properties: Acidic and polar |
| Charles Darwin | Darwin theorized that organisms become adapted to their environment by "descent with modification" which occurs due to "natural selection" |
| Kingdom Animalia | true animals like sponges, worms, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals |
| Kingdom Plantae | plants like moss, ferns, woody and non-woody plants |
| Kingdom Fungi | fungus, molds, yeast, mildew |
| All life is divided into 3 main Domains | Bacteria/Archaea/Eukarya) |
| Cells | (though small) are considered to be the basic, fundamental unit of life |
| all life has these characteristics | Have one or more cells , Require energy, Metabolize, Grow, Respond to stimuli, Adapt, and Reproduce |
| Statistical/Random Error | due to random fluctuations or natural variability within a system |
| systematic error | due to instrumental, human, or environmental variables |
| Verification | confirmation that the results are good |
| Replication | to make sure that the results are consistent and can be repeated. |
| dependent variable | variable that is measured |
| independent variable | variable that is manipulated |
| Experimental Controls | Positive (already known to give a result or show some effect Example: Uncoverd Soup) Negative: already known NOT to give any result or effect (e.g., sealed soup) |
| Modeling | Involves developing a representation of a system |
| comparison | A way to figure out connections between things baby looking at groups that experienced different things. |
| Description | carefully watching and keeping track of parts of nature in a way that others can copy and check. |
| Experimentation (Four Modalities) | A research method in which 1+ variables are manipulated, and the effect of that manipulation is observed |
| Four Modalities of Scientific Research | Experimentation , Description, Comparison and Modeling |
Created by:
najeeseabrookes
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