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4.1 cell signaling
AP bio unit 4 test- cell signaling, 4.1 notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A high glucose level in our blood triggers the release of ___, which tells target cells to allow glucose inside to provide energy through respiration | insulin |
| A low glucose level in our blood triggers the release of ___ which tells target cells in surrounding tissues to release more glucose to provide energy through respiration | glucagon |
| Since hormones like glucagon and insulin travel from the ___ to other tissues, we call this ____ signaling | pancreas, long-distance |
| Many signals are sent through the membrane to ultimately tell an organelle to do a ___, such as activating proteins or activating the nucleus to send out special messages made of ___, which will be used to make special proteins | special task, mRNA |
| Some signals, such as steroids, easily enter through the membrane of a cell and interact with enzymes or receptor ___ within the cytoplasm before contacting the nucleus | proteins |
| Sometimes non-protein ___ messengers are needed a long the pathway. Medications can be used to block these messengers, causing the reaction to ___ or slow down | secondary, stop |
| The process can be accelerated when one reaction by one enzyme triggers 100 reactions by another enzyme, then repeated. This cascade of reactions is called signal ___ such as with the hormone ___ | amplification, epinephrine |
| Many cell membranes have ___ proteins protruding from their membranes, and interact directly with the ___ of other cells with the help of ___ proteins on the membranes of other cells. | marker, surface, receptor |
| If the ___ of the marker protein is somehow altered by damage or mutation, the signaling process may be blocked | shape |
| Programmed cell death, or ___, is when proteins such as ___ (enzymes that destroy proteins) and ___ (enzymes that destroy the nucleus) are activated. This is important in finger development in humans, as well as antler shedding in deer | apoptosis, proteases, nucleases |
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josie_dr
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