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CVA Week 2 pt 2
Development (me developing into losing my mind)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the stages of vertebrate development? What occurs in each stage? | • Cleavage to Blastulation • Gastrulation • Neurulation – Mesodermal layering – Extra-embryonic membranes – Neural crest • Germ layer derivatives • Organogenesis – organ formation • Histogenesis – tissue formation |
| When we talk about life history, what are the three main stages? What defines each? | Ontogeny • Embryonic development • Fertilization to birth or hatching • Maturation • Birth to sexual maturity • Growth • Appearance of anatomical features of reproductive adult • Prereproductive = juvenile/immature • Senescence |
| What organisms experience senescence and why do most not? | - Humans, chickens, gorillas, etc. Organisms need to live long enough to become post reproductive, which makes it rare as oftentimes, organisms do not live this long in the wild. |
| What is a morula? | - a solid mass of blastomeres that results from a number of cleavages of a zygote, or fertilized egg |
| What is a blastula? | - an animal embryo at the early stage of development when it is a hollow ball of cells |
| What two groups of cells are differentiated into what structures during early blastula stage? | Trophoblast Becomes placenta Inner cell mass embryo |
| What is the trophoblast? | - the outer layer of cells of the blastocyst |
| How does yolk vary by taxa? | • Microlecithal – slight • Amphioxus, • placental mammals • Mesolecithal – moderate • Lampreys, bowfins, gars, amphibians • Macrolecithal – enormous • Reptiles (birds), monotremes, elasmobranchs, teleost fish • Distribution |
| How does the amount of yolk affect cleavage in different taxa (fish, amphibians, reptiles and mammals)? | - Holoblastic cleavage - Amphioxus & eutherian mammals - Meroblastic cleavage: moderate of yolk - Discoidal cleavage: fishes, reptiles, birds, monotremes - Yolk at vegetal pole undivided restricting cleavage to cap of cells at animal pole |
| What are the three primary germ layers? | - General ectoderm, general mesoderm, general endoderm |
| What is the primitive streak? | - Region of embryonic shield where cells migrate between ectoderm & endoderm adding a mesodermal layer |
| What is the embryonic shield? | - Thickened shield-like area of the blastoderm at caudal edge of the germ ring |
| What happens during gastrulation? | - Gastrulation = “ gut” “formation” - process – embryo forms a distinct endodermal tube (the early gut) - Gastrocoel = archenteron Space enclosed w/in gut |
| What happens during neurulation? | - Neurulation = “nerve” “formation - Process of forming ectodermal tube – Neural Tube - Forerunner of CNS - Encloses neurocoele |
| What is the chrodamesoderm (what does it become)? | - the mesoderm in the embryo that lies along the central axis under the neural tube. It gives rise to the notochordal process, which later becomes the notochord. |
| What is mesodermal layering and how does this differentiate early to late in gastrulation/neurulation? | - formation of the body plan - mesodermal layering inside |
| During organogenesis, what do the 3 primary germ layers differentiate into? | ectoderm: epidermis, brain structures, peripheral nervous system, spinal cord, teeth mesoderm: dermis, limb musculature, kidney, gonads, heart endoderm: posterior moth, esophagus, tracheal tube, stomach, liver, pancreas, intestines, bladder |
| What are ectodermal placodes and what do they become? | - Thickenings of ectoderm that sink inward to form sensory structures nasal pits and olfactory receptor cells and nerves, inner ear, lens of eye, sensory cell bodies that join cranial nerves, head neuromast system and lateral line system. |
| What are neural crest cells (where do they break off from) and what do they form? | • break loose from crest of the fold before closure of neural folds • Form distinct cords above neural tube • Cells migrate w/in embryo to permanent sites to become structure |
| What chordate synapomorphies & plesiomorphies are seen in a 6 week old human embryo? | - Pharyngeal gill slits, notochord, postanal tail |
| What synapomorphy & plesiomorphy with Gnathostomes is present in a 6 week old human embryo? | - Lobed fin, jaws, 3 part brain |
Created by:
emma.boc
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