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CVA Week 2 pt 1
Integuments and Mineralized Tissues
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What functions does skin have? | Protects, thermoregulates, locomotion, senses, respiration, excretion (CO2 salts), homeostasis (estivation occurs), nourishment, communication (ex: blushing), vitamin D synthesis |
| What is epidermis? | keratinized stratified epithelium, avascular (nonliving) afferent nerves |
| What is dermis? | collagen & elastic fibers (connective tissue), strength |
| What is the superficial facia? | subcutaneous tissue, loose connective tissue and fat |
| What is deep fascia? | dense connective tissue (no fat), invests structures, compartments (intermuscular septa), division between musculoskeletal and body cavities, retinacula (stabilizes tendons) |
| What is keratinized stratified epithelium? | The epidermis, provides protection against the outside world |
| What is the embryonic origin of epidermis and dermis? | - Epidermis: ectoderm turns to stratum basale which replenishes the periderm - Dermis: mostly mesoderm from neural crest cells. Chromatophores and bony armor contribution |
| How do neural crest cells contribute to the skin? | - They contain chromatophores and contribute to the “bony armor” of the dermis |
| What are/be able to identify epidermal structures in different taxa? | - Bovine horn sheath, ischial tuberosity, callouses, quills, rattle snakes, rhino horn, baleen, lamprey teeth, feathers in birds, nails/hooves, claws |
| What epidermal structures are made of alpha vs beta keratin? What taxa have alpha and beta keratin and what are the properties of each (hard/soft)? | - Alpha: soft, flexible, shape changes (synapsids only have) - Beta: hard, scales, claws beaks (Reptilia have, ex: birds) |
| What are properties of the epidermis in aquatic vs terrestrial taxa. What kind of variation do we see within these groups (e.g., fish & amphibians). | Fish have a thick epidermis, slimy, dermal bone (only lamellar) Amphibians: adults have a thin stratum corneum (epidermis) that helps with respiration, glands (leydig for antimicrobial, mucous, poison), Epidermis functions to decrease drag |
| What structures are within or associated with the dermis? | Collagenous connective tissue (leather) Holds components of integument in place - High tensile strength & elastic properties |
| How does arrangement of collagen and elastin fibers within the dermis affect function? | - The collagenous connective tissue holds components of the integument in place. Gives it high tensile strength and elastic properties. |
| Why do elephants have wrinkles and sharks do not and how is this related to function? | - Aquatic animals need to be more orderly in order to reduce drag when swimming through the water |
| When do we first see dermal scales? What are they and where do we see dermal bone derivatives in tetrapods? | - Seen in ostracoderm first, but persists to dermal bones of skull and dermal bones in the pectoral girdle in tetrapods |
| What are the four layers of primitive dermal bone and what layers do we see in shark and fish scales living today? | - Lamellar bone, spongy bone, dentine, enamel coat (ecto ) All layers are seen in shark and fish scales. Their scales are bony and dermal and are not homologous to epidermal scales. |
| In tetrapods, what type of dermal bone do we see (e.g., dermal pectoral girdle bones, dermal cranial bones, teeth of gnathostomes, osteoderms)? | - Dermal ribs and osteoderms |
| What mammalian taxa (order) has osteoderms? | - Cingulata |
| What are examples of epidermal scales in mammals? | - Beaver tail, glyptodon, turtle shell |
| In general, what cranial bones are part of the dermocranium (we’ll get to specific bones next week)? | - Skull roof, facial skeleton (except dentary) |
| What are some pectoral girdle bones that are dermal in origin? | - Clavicle, cleithrum, interclavicle |
| What are three types of chromatophores and what colors do they produce? | - Melanophores: brown, melanin granules within melanosomes - Lipophores: yellow and red - Iridophores or gunophores: iridescent, contain reflective guanine crystals |
| Many structures of the skin are from the interaction of dermal and epidermal structures. What are some of these structures and what part of the structure is from each layer? | - Birds: feathers - Mammals: hair, mammary glands, teeth - Chondrichthyes: placoid scales - Bony fishes: cosmoid, ganoid, and ctenoid scales |
| What is the difference between horns and antlers? | - Horn has epidermis and dermis layer which is an outgrowth of the skull and are retained year round. Antlers are outgrowth of the skull beneath the integument and usually aren’t retained year round. |
| What are three main gland types in mammalian skin, what do they produce and where are some found? | 1. Sebaceous: oily secretion into hair follicles (waterproof fur), earwax, eyelid 2. Eccrine: watery, puberty, soles of feet, humans and chimps have most 3. Apocrine: viscous, lipid, puberty, chemical signals, scent, waste, mammary glands |
| Discuss examples of how toxins can be sequestered in the skin of birds, reptiles (from lecture slides). | - Hooded Pitohui has feathers that are laced with a neurotoxin provide protection from predation. from eating a beetle. - Asian snake gets its toxin from consuming a poisonous toad, where it then harvests the toxins to be redeployed in their neck glands |
| What are three types of cartilage, where are they found and how do their properties (composition and arrangement) affect function? | 1. Elastic Cartilage 2. Hyaline: when compressed it flattens in order to increase the area of contact between forces. Clear and hard. 3. Fibrocartilage: Strongest cartilage, no direct blood or nerve supply. Provides cushioning and support. |
| What are two main functions of cartilage? | - Resist tensile forces and compression forces |
| What is the fate of the notochord across taxa? What does it “become” in adult mammals? | - It becomes the vertebral column. |
| What is the notochord derived from embryonically? | - The mesoderm |
| Why doesn’t cartilage heal well if torn/damaged? | - Chondrocytes are bound in lacunal spaces so they cannot migrate to damaged areas - Deposition of new matrix is slow if it is even possible - Damaged hyaline cartilage usually replaced by fibrocartilage scar tissue |
| What are properties of compact vs spongy bone and how do these properties relate to function? | - Compact bone (cortical bone): . Strength for weight bearing. Attachment of muscles. 80% of skeleton’s weight - Spongy bone: most of skeleton’s volume, related to weight bearing. Medullary cavity. Blood cells and platelets formed |
| What are parts of a long bone? | 1. Epiphysis: end of a bone. Formed by a 2* ossification center 2. Diaphysis: shaft of a bone. Formed from the 1* ossicifaction center 3. Epiphysial plate: growth plates. Cartilaginous replaced by bone |
| What is the epiphysis, the epiphysial plate? | epiphysis: end of a bone. Formed by a 2* ossification center - Plates close at maturity to stop growth - Epiphysial plate: growth plates. Cartilaginous replaced by bone |
| What is periosteum? | - Fibrous connective tissue surrounding bone. Protects, supplies nourishment. Muscles and ligaments attach. |
| What is a nutrient foramen and why do we have to be ‘careful’ when bones break near one? | - Where blood supply enters the bone. If disrupted, the bone will die. |
| What are the differences between intramembranous and endochondral ossification? Which type produced dermal bones? | Intermembranous ossification: f in mesenchyme. Flat bones of skull: mandible, maxilla, clavicle. Dermal = membrane bone Endochondral ossification: formed from cartilage model, primary and secondary ossification centers, long bones, “replacement bone” |
| How does the amount of hydroxyapatite affect the strength of teeth? What part of teeth has more or less? | - Enamel has 99% HA so it is very strong |
| What are parts of gnathostome teeth derived from (e.g., enamel, dentin)? | enamel is from ectoderm, dentin is acellar bone |
| What layers are a turtle shelled derived from (link structure with derivative)? | scutes are epidermal structures laying atop dermal bone |
Created by:
emma.boc
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