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Chapter 3 (Micro 24)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| magnification | ability to enlarge the image of an object when compared to the real objct |
| resolving power | ability to tell that two separate points or objects are separate |
| resolution | the smallest distance at which two small objects can still be seen as separate objects |
| refraction | occurs when light waves change direction as they enter a new medium |
| purpose of oil immersion | oil and glass have very similar refractive indices (more light is let in) |
| Hans and Zaccharias Janssen | inventor of the microscope |
| simple microscope | 1 lens |
| compound microscope | 2 lenses |
| Galileo Galilei | developed the telescope for a compound microscope |
| Robert Hooke | used a compound microscope to view thin sample of cork to be the first to view a cell |
| Antonie van Leeuwenhoek | "Father of Microbiology" first to see microorganism that he called an "animalcules" using a simple microscope |
| light (optical) microscopy | uses visible light to magnify an image |
| electron microscopy | uses electron beams to pass through the specimen or view the surface, examples; transmission electron microscope (TEM) or scanning electron microscope (SEM) |
| total magnification | wet and fixed mounts |
| wet mounts and hanging drop mounts | allows examination of characteristics of live cells (size, motility, shape, and arrangement) |
| fixed mounts | made by drying and heating a film of specimen = dead cells, this smear is stained using dyes to permit visualization of cells or cell parts |
| staining techniques | for light microscope for fixed mount, microorganisms have a negative charge to their cell due to the cell wall molecules |
| negative stains | use a negatively charged or acidic dye (stain), this stain is repelled by the microbes cell wall, microbe is clear and background is colored, example; india ink |
| positive stains | use a positively charged or basic dye (stain) that will be attracted by the cell wall of the microbe, microbe is colored and background is clear, three types of positive stains; simple, differential, and special |
| simple stains | uses a single dye to stain bacterial cell, helps distinguish shape, arrangement, and size of cells, examples; methylene blue, crystal violet |
| differential stains | uses two differently colored dyes; primary and counter stains, used to distinguish different cell types or cell parts, examples; gram, acid fast, endospore stains |
| The Six I's | methods of culturing microorganisms |
| mixed culture | more than one microbe growing in sample or culture medium |
| pure culture | one microbe growing in the culture medium |
| specimen collection | before the 6 I's; specimen is collected from the patient |
| inoculation | introduction of a sample into a container of media to produce a culture of observable growth |
| incubation | placement of the inoculated media in a specific temperature for a set time to allow for growth of the bacteria |
| isolation | isolate a single colony on a petri plate to obtain a pure culture |
| inspection | observe the cultures for macroscopic growth of the bacteria, observe microscopically for results of stains |
| information gathering | testing of cultures for biochemical and enzyme characteristics and additionally with drug sensitivity, immunologic reactions, and genetic makeup |
| identification | results of tests and use Bergey's Manual to identify genus and species |
| liquid media | water like, usually called broth, used in test tube, examples; nutrient broth, nitrate broth, contains no solidifying agent = no agar |
| semisolid media | has soft consistency, used in test tube, examples; motility agar, conatains a small amount (0.3-0.5%) solidifying agent = has agar |
| solid media | more solid, provides a firm surface for colony formation, used in test tube or petri plate, examples; nutrient agar, TSA, contains larger agar (1-5%) |
| agar | most commonly used solidifying agent |
| chemically defined (synthetic) | contains pure organic and inorganic compounds in an exact chemical formula (minimal media) |
| complex (nonsynthetic) | contains extracts and digests of yeasts, meat, or plants, the precise chemical composition of the medium is not known (nutrient broth, tryptic soy broth) |
| enriched media | contain complex organic substances such as blood serum, hemoglobin, or special growth factors required by fastidious microbes (blood agar) |
| general purpose media | grows a broad range of microbes, usually nonsynthetic |
| selective media | contains one or more agents that inhibit growth of some microbes and encourages growth of the desired microbes |
| differential media | allows growth of several types of microbes and displays visible differences among those microbes |
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jenniejenjen
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