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Biology 101 Exam
Biology flash cards for final exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The first step in the Scientific Method is formulating a hypothesis. | False |
| The prion, which causes "Mad Cow disease," is just a single protein and lacks several of the characteristics of living things and therefore would not be a true life form by the biological definition. | True |
| Atoms consist of 4 subatomic parts, neutrons, positrons, negatrons and electrons. | False |
| Water dissolves a molecule like table salt (sodium chloride) by separating the positive sodium ions and the negative chloride ions. | True |
| The pH scale is a measure of the amount of free N+ (nitrogen ions) there are in a solution. | False |
| Buffers give-up or receive H+ ions in order to keep the pH of a solution the same. | True |
| DNA is an example of a Lipid. | False |
| Glucose can be joined together to make many different polysaccharides using the hydrolysis reaction. | False |
| Which of the following is NOT a fundamental quality of all living things? | Has a flagellum for swimming. |
| Studying 5th graders' hand writing skills. There are 500 students that are right handed, 25 that are left handed and 3 that are ambidextrous. If you randomly pick 10 for your study and they are all right handed, what would this be and example of? | Sampling error |
| All of the following are names of one of the six Kingdoms EXCEPT which one? | Bacteria |
| Why do scientists use taxonomy of classification schemes to give names to the various living things? | It enables specific animals or plants to be identified when experiments are reported. |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the seven major "taxa" or groups into which living things are classified? | Group |
| Which is the smallest unit of life that can exist as a separate entity? | A cell |
| The cell membrane is composed of ___. | Both a and b: Proteins; Lipids |
| All of the following organelles are involved in producing proteins which are secreted from the cell EXCEPT | Chloroplasts |
| As cell size increases, the ____ increases slower than the ____. This is one thing that limits cell size. | Cell surface; internal volume |
| Since the element magnesium (Mg) has 2 electrons in its outer shell and oxygen (O) has 6, which of the following is the most likely way they would form a bond? | Mg would give up its 2 to O giving both full outer shells. |
| Atoms form bonds in order to have ____ in their outer energy levels. | 8 electrons |
| Which of the following statements in NOT true regarding all cell membranes? | It is fixed, rigid material where the molecules are bonded to each other. |
| Which of the following polymers consists of two strands of nucleotides twisted into each other? | DNA |
| Triglycerides, waxes and cholesterol are all similar in that | they don't dissolve in water |
| When a polymer is separated by enzymes into the individual monomer it is which type of reaction? | Hydrolysis reaction |
| The hydrogen bonding between water molecules results in which of the following characteristics? | Both a and b: Cohesiveness; Capillary action |
| Which of the following is the key characteristic of water which gives it many of its unique attributes? | Water is a polar molecule and forms hydrogen bonds with itself. |
| We said that Jesus and water both share some common characteristics: they are both ____. | Both a and b: Unique--there is no other like them; Indispensable--we can't live without them |
| The ebola virus | Not a life form |
| Anthrax bacteria | True life form |
| Ms. Piggy (puppet) | Not a life form |
| Lucifer | Not a life form |
| President Bush | True life form |
| Most have cell sizes which can barely be detected by Light Microscopes | Prokaryotes |
| Have mitochondria | Eukaryotes |
| Some are able to swim with a flagellum | Both |
| Some have a protective cell wall made of cellulose | Eukaryotes |
| DNA is not inside a nucleus | Prokaryotes |
| Many are multicellular organisms | Both |
| Contains chromatin | Nucleus |
| "Power plant" of the cell, helps break down glucose and ATP | Mitochondria |
| "Shipping department" of the cell, sorts and packages proteins for release | Golgi apparatus |
| Small membrane container for the cell, used to move things around in cells | Vesicles |
| Enzyme used to make proteins | Ribosomes |
| The hydrogen and oxygen within H2O are held together by this type of bond | Polar covalent bond |
| Weak attraction that does not form a new molecule | Hydrogen bond |
| Involves giving and receiving electrons | Ionic bond |
| Bond where electrons are shard equally | Non-polar covalent bond |
| The process of keeping the various physiological perameters (heart rate, oxygen levels, glucose levels etc) within a normal range. | Homeostasis |
| Neurons send signals by: | A wave of ions moving through protein channels in the membrane. |
| The final step in nerve transmission is: | Triggering the release of a neurotransmitter at the synapse. |
| The master endocrine gland for the body | Pituitary gland |
| Which of the following organs makes enzymes such as trypsin, to break-down proteins, and enzymes called nucleases to break down DNA? | Pancreas |
| Which of following is NOT a function of the liver? | Produces proteases for digestion |
| Which of the following are the correct function of the Lymphatic system? | Both a and b: Carries lipids from digestion back to the heart; Carries white blood cells to defend against infection |
| A protease enzyme breaks down ____. | Protein |
| Which of the following is a function of the large intestines? | Reabsorption of water used during digestion. |
| Regulator of enzymes that bind to the enzyme at the "active site" where the normal reactant molecules would normally bind. | Competitive inhibitors |
| Which of the following are broken down to make ATP in human cells? | Both a and b: Protein; Carbohydrates |
| Which of the following is NOT TRUE for Anaerobic Respiration? | Makes 36 ATP/glucose |
| The platelets in the blood are involved with ____. | Blood clotting |
| Blood leaves the ____ ventricle through the aorta and travels to the head and body before returning to the right atrium via the inferior and superior ____. | Left; vena cava |
| The Pulmonary Circuit of the circulatory system, receives blood from the head and body at the ____ which then flows to the right ventricle before exiting at the ____. | Right atrium; pulmonary trunk |
| When a person inhales, air moves into the lungs because | All of the above: The diaphragm pulls downward, pushing the abdomen out; The pressure inside the lungs decreases; The volume within the thoracic cavity increases |
| Oxygen is carried in the blood ____. | By binding to hemoglobin |
| If a person holds their breath too long of if the heart stops beating, a person will experience unconsciousness and ultimately death, if not corrected soon enough. Why? What is happening or not happening within the cells of the brain? | Both a and b: CO2 levels rise within the brain and inhibit the break down of glucose; O2 levels drop and the Electron transport system can't function |
| Ammonia and urea which are removed from the blood by the kidneys are the result of the break-down of ____. | Proteins |
| The last portion of the excretory system through which urine passes before it is eliminated from the body is the | Urethra |
| Which of the following is NOT true regarding how the kidneys function? | The kidney can only remove the toxins which it "recognizes" |
| Stores triglycerides as a stock-pile of energy | Adipose tissue |
| Composed of actin and myosin protein which pull to shorten the cells | Muscle tissue |
| Help to form barriers between the inside and outside of the structures in the body | Epithelial tissue |
| Composed of calcium to make a rigid structure which supports the body | Bone tissue |
| Composed of proteins like collagen which reinforce structures in the body | Connective tissue |
| Increases blood flow to the digestive organs | Parasympathetic nervous system |
| Location of the nucleus of the nerve | Cell body |
| Increase blood flow to the muscles of the limbs | Sympathetic nervous system |
| Sends a signal from the cell body to the synapse | Dendrites |
| Fight or flight response | Sympathetic nervous system |
| A rock at rest at the top of the hill is an example of this | Potential energy |
| Energy tend to become dispersed or unusable in nature | Second Law of Thermodynamics |
| The measure of disorder | Entropy |
| Energy cannot be created or destroyed | First Law of Thermodynamics |
| Produces CO2 and stores energy as ATP and electrons | Kreb's Cycle |
| Pathway used in making yeast bread | Alcohol Fermentation |
| Anaerobic pathway used by our muscles and some bacteria | Lactate Fermentation |
| The first pathway in the break down of glucose | Glycolysis |
| Main air tube leading from the throat | Trachea |
| Small air sacs where gases are exchanged | Alveoli |
| Muscle that drives breathing | Diaphragm |
| Also called the voice box | Larynx |
| "Throat" area where the mouth and nose connect | Pharynx |
| Sex determination in humans is due to the composition of the father's sperm. | True |
| All human embyos start out "male" and then are converted to female at later stages due to the presence of the hormone estrogen. | False |
| Cross-over is a process that mixes DNA segments from two homologous chromosomes so that the gametes have new combinations of genes. | True |
| If purple hair is dominant in trolls, and yellow is recessive then when a yellow haired female marries a purple male--who comes from a long line of purple haired trolls--you would expect all the offspring to be purple. | True |
| The genetic material of humans is two strands of protein, twisted together into a "double helix." | False |
| Ovulation results from a high estrogen level which triggers a spike of lutenizing hormone (LH) release from the pituitary. | True |
| All of a woman's eggs are produced while she is still an embryo in the womb. | True |
| Which of the following hormones is used by both men and women in sex cell production? | Both a and b: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); Lutenizing hormone (LH) |
| Which of the following is NOT true of the processes of sperm production? | After 2 weeks, the sperm is released from the follicle. |
| DNA replication occurs | During the S phase of interphase. |
| When an organism reproduces itself asexually, each of the offspring are ____. | Both a and b: Identical to each other; Identical to the mother |
| Meiosis results in the production of | 4 haploid cells |
| What does meiosis do that mitosis doesn't do? | Both a and b: Create new allele combinations; Produce cells with half the number of chromosomes |
| In humans, most body cells have ____ chromosomes while sperm and eggs have ____. | 46; 23 |
| If a parent cell has 64 chromosomes and undergoes meiosis, the resulting cells will have how many chromosomes? | 32 |
| The theory of segregation | Says alleles of a gene are separated into different sex cells |
| Different versions of the same gene are called | Alleles |
| Mendel's principle of independent assortment states that | The inheritance of alleles for one gene don't affect the inheritance of those of other genes. |
| If two sisters have brown hair, but one is Bb and the other is BB they have the same ____ but different ____. | Phenotypes; genotypes |
| If long tails is dominant (L) and short (l) is recessive and green is dominant (G) to yellow (g) then if a short yellow female mates with a long green male (heterozygous for both genes), how many of the offspring would share the same phenotype as the mom? | 25% |
| Which of the following designates a normal human male? | XY |
| Which of the following designates a normal human female? | XX |
| Long hair is dominant (H) to short hair (h), and these are on the Y chromosome. If a long haired man marries a woman whose father was short haired, what proportion of the sons will be short haired? | None |
| What is it that drives the copying process for both DNA replication and transcription of RNA? | "Base-pairing" between the A & T and G & C nucleotides results in the correct nucleotide at each position. |
| DNA and RNA polymers are both composed of nucleotides where the ____ is connected to the ____ of the previous nucleotide in the growing chain. | Phosphate group; 3' position of the ribose |
| What is a "Gene"? | DNA with protein coding sequences. |
| The RNA molecule is made up of how many strands? | 1 |
| Each "word" or codon in the mRNA language consists of how many nucleotides? | Three |
| The human genome project was recently completed using the technique of ____. | DNA sequencing |
| Crimes are often solved today using "DNA fingerprinting" using the technique of ____. | PCR |
| Chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope breaks down | Prophase |
| Very last step of cell division where the two cells separate from each other | Cytokinesis |
| Stage where chromosomes are pushed to the middle of the cell | Metaphase |
| Stage where chromosomes are pulled to the opposite sides | Anaphase |
| End of mitosis, chromosomes decondense and nucleus reforms | Telaphase |
| Process which converts the nucleotide sequence into a protein | Translation |
| Consists of a large and small subunit | Ribosome |
| Contains a copy of the "coding region" for a protein | mRNA |
| Has a single amino acid on one end and the "anti-codon" on the other | tRNA |
| Process of recopying the DNA into RNA | Transcription |
| RNA and DNA are long strands of these | Nucleotides |
| Enzyme used to assemble the strands of deoxyribonucleic acids | DNA polymerase |
| Enzyme used to connect two pieces of DNA--like Okazaki fragments | DNA ligase |
| Proteins are made of chains these | Amino acids |
| Enzyme used to assemble strands of ribonucleic acids | RNA polymerase |
| The "Light Dependent Reactions" of photosynthesis store energy from the sun as ATP and NADPH. | True |
| WIth land based food webs, the first level of heterotrophs is usually the herbivores who eat the plants. | True |
| Carbon Dioxide is produced as a result of the Light Dependent Reactions of photosynthesis. | False |
| Glucose is one of the products of the Light Dependent Reactions. | False |
| Logistic growth occurs when all resources are present in vast excess. | False |
| As discussed in lecture because of Natural Selection, good mutations can be selected for so that animals and plants can gradually become better and better over time. | False |
| Atheism is one of the philosophical assumptions of Darwinian Evolution which determine how the scientific data is viewed. | True |
| Research has shown that bird songs are innate to the species of bird and are not learned from other birds. | False |
| The ability of a plant to orient its growth relative to the pull of gravity is called ____ and is due to ____. | Gravitropism; small organelles that settle to the bottom of cells |
| During the Calvin-Benson Cycle, 6 ____ are used to make one molecule of ____. | CO2; glucose |
| A community differs from an ecosystem in that a community does NOT include | Non living factors--temperature, lakes, rain fall, land |
| Which of the following reflexes a Biblical point on our role as human beings in relation to the earth, animals and the environment? | Both a and b: God provided plants and animals as a means of taking care of man's physical needs; God expects us to take care of the plants and animals and use natural resources wisely |
| For most ecosystems, the energy which drives the production of food for the ecosystem comes from ____. | Sunlight |
| In the Nitrogen Cycle, ____ is a source for the nitrogen in the soil which plants need. | Both a and b: Fertilizer; Decay of animal waste |
| A network of interactions that involve the cycling of materials and the flow of energy between a community and its physical environment is which of the following? | Ecosystem |
| Population size depends upon | All of these: Deaths; Births; Emigration; Immigration |
| Which of the following uses other living things for food? | Both a and b: Carnivores; Herbivores |
| Bees and Flowers have a type of symbiotic relationship called ____. | Mutualism |
| Which is a carnivore? | Coyote |
| All of the following limits population growth and become more severe as a population increases in size EXCEPT which one? | Climate |
| The physical environment of the ecosystem. | Habitat |
| Limiting factors | All of the above: Are resources which are not in excess; Determine the carrying capacity of the habitat; Resist the growth of populations in a habitat; Typically include water, food, predators |
| Behaviors are divided into two main types: | Instinctive and learned |
| What is "Genetic Drift"? | Changes in the allele frequency due to chance occurrences |
| In most cases, mutations contribute to the process of Microevolution by | Both a and b: Creating new alleles by changing existing genes; Destroying old alleles |
| Male birds in many species have brighter feather coloration as a result females picking their mates based on this characteristic. This is an example of what kind of Natural Selection? | Sexual |
| Natural selection which is "Stabilizing"... | Selects against the two extremes of a particular trait |
| Darwinian evolution asserts that, although beneficial mutations are extremely rare, they still occur and lead to more and more advanced organisms. Why is this not possible? | Harmful mutations would cancel out any benefit from "good" mutations. |
| According to Darwinian Evolutionary ideas, the many layers of stratified rock suggest the earth is millions of years old because | The rates of sedimentation are very slow and therefore it must have taken a long time. |
| According to current Evolutionary thought, the first genetic material to evolve was made of | RNA |
| Radiometric dating techniques have been used to say the earth is millions of year old. Which of the following actually support a more Biblical age and model of creation? | C14 being present in diamonds |
| One problem with the idea that the fossil record shows gradual evolution from simple to complex is | There are no "intermediate" fossils to connect the different family trees |
| Which of the following suggests that fossilization is a rapid process and is actually evidence of the Biblical flood? | Mass burials of horses and bison |
| Which of the following describe problems with current "biogenesis" mechanisms? | All of the above: No source of ammonia for the atmosphere before living things; RNA as the original genetic material would have no way to replicate; First membranes have no way to move food in, wastes out; Simplest cell possible has too many components |
| The problem with Haeckel's assertion of "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" was that ____. | Haeckel falsified his data to make different species look the same |
| Which of the following is NOT a component of the current Evolutionary model (as stated in the text book) for the origin of life on earth? | World-wide flood |
| Cheetah killing a gazelle | Predation |
| Symbiotic relationship where one benefits and the other is unaffected | Commensalism |
| Physical environment where a community lives | Habitat |
| Flea living on a dog | Parasitism |
| Naturally interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups | Species |
| Changes in the DNA sequences of a gene | Mutations |
| Changes in the allele frequencies within the gene pool | Microevolution |
| Amoeba--> frog--> dog--> monkey--> college student | Macroevolution |
| Wolf--> collie--> terrier--> toy poodle | Microevolution |
| The rate of diffusion is increased by ____. | Both a and b: Decrease in the size of the molecule diffusing; Increase in temperature |
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