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Study Guide

Mitosis and Meiosis

TermDefinition
Alternation of Generations Life-cycle type in which the diploid and haploid stages alternate
Chiasmata (singular, chiasma) the structure that forms at the crossover points after genetic material is exchanged
Cohesin Proteins that form a complex that seals sister chromatids together at their centromeres until anaphase II of meiosis
Crossover Exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids resulting in chromosomes that incorporate genes from both parents of the organism
Fertilization Union of two haploid cells from two individual organisms
Gametophyte A multicellular haploid life-cycle stage that produces gametes
Germ Cells Specialized cell line that produces gametes, such as eggs or sperm
Interkinesis (also, interphase II) brief period of rest between meiosis I and meiosis II
Life Cycle The sequence of events in the development of an organism and the production of cells that produce offspring
Meiosis A nuclear division process that results in four haploid cells
Meiosis I First round of meiotic cell division; referred to as reduction division because the ploidy level is reduced from diploid to haploid
Meiosis II Second round of meiotic cell division following meiosis I; sister chromatids are separated into individual chromosomes, and the result is four unique haploid cells
Recombination Nodules Protein assemblies formed on the synaptonemal complex that mark the points of crossover events and mediate the multistep process of genetic recombination between non sister chromatids of a homologous pair
Reduction Division Nuclear division that produces daughter nuclei each having one-half as many chromosome sets as the parental nucleus; meiosis I is a reduction division
Somatic Cell All the cells of a multicellular organism except the gametes or reproductive cells
Spore Haploid cell that can produce a haploid multicellular organism or can fuse with another spore to form a diploid cell
Sporophyte A multicellular diploid life-cycle stage that produces haploid spores by meiosis
Synapsis Formation of a close association between homologous chromosomes during prophase I
Synaptonemal complex Protein lattice that forms between homologous chromosomes during prophase I, supporting crossover
Tetrad Two duplicated homologous chromosomes (four chromatids) bound together by chiasmata during prophase I
Reduction Division Nuclear division that produces daughter nuclei each having one-half as many chromosome sets as the parental nucleus; meiosis I is a reduction division
Sister Chromatids Refers to the identical copies formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere
Homologous Chromosomes Or homologs, are a set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during fertilization
Random Assembly of Homologous Chromosomes (Independent assortment) are genes are inherited independently of each other
Gametes A mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote
Karyotype An individual's complete set of chromosomes
Gonads An organ that produces gametes; a testis or ovary
Germ Cells Egg and sperm cells
Genetic Recombination The physical breakage, exchange, and rejoining of two dna molecules
Genetic Variation Differences among the genomes of members of the same species
Methods of Increasing Genetic Diversity Mutation, gene duplication, and other various processes
Haploid Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
Diploid Containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
Ploidy The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell, or in the cells of an organism
Created by: user-1793141
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