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Bio10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| biology | study of living things |
| 6 Characteristics of Living Things | 1. Need for energy (eats/makes waste) 2. Exchanges gas (respiration) 3. Grows 4. Moves 5. Responds to stimuli 6. Reproduce |
| Abiogenesis | theory that states life can be made from non-living things (spontaneous generation) |
| Biogenesis | theory that states life is produced by other living things |
| Francesco Redi | • questioned spontaneous generation of maggots on meat • conducted an experiment on meat • 3 treatments: → open air (control) → sealed → screened off |
| Redi’s hypothesis | meat would decay in both jars, but only the jar that allowed contact with flies would produce maggots |
| Louis Pasteur | • designed an experiment to settle the debate • boiled nutrient broth • 3 treatments: → open → closed → S-neck (open to air, but not atmospheric dust) |
| Pasteur’s hypothesis | believed that micro-organisms would settle in neck of swan-neck flask and, therefore, would not infect the sterile broth |
| Prokaryotic | lack membrane bound organelles & nucleus Ex. bacteria & some algae |
| Eukaryotes | → contain organelles to complete life functions, just like your body has organs to help you survive Ex. most plant & animal cells |
| Nucleus | • controls all activities of cell (ie brain or city hall) • contains DNA • surrounded by nuclear envelope |
| Nucleolus | • in center of nucleus • synthesizes ribosomes |
| Ribosomes | • turn DNA into protein (for growth and reproduction) |
| Mitochondrion | • cell’s powerhouse • uses oxygen to make cell energy (ATP) • performs cellular respiration |
| Lysosome | • vesicle that contains enzymes • breaks down particles • disposes of waste |
| Vacuole | • stores food and water • involved in transport → plants have 1 large vacuole (important for structure) → animals have several small vacuoles |
| Golgi Apparatus | • modifies and repackages fats • disposes of waste products |
| Centrioles | • involved in cell division • like reproductive system |
| Cytoskeleton (animal cells only) | • supports structure of cell • facilitates transport • intricate network of fibre-like structures |
| Cell Membrane | • protective barrier around cell • semi-permeable (brings in wanted things, keeps out, or kicks out, unwanted things) • both plants and animal cells have cell membranes |
| Cell Wall | • rigid, supportive, shaping cellulose • encloses membrane • acts like skeleton for plant cells (along with large vacuole) |
| Chloroplasts (plant cells only) | • site of photosynthesis (solar energy converted into chemical energy) in plant cells • made up of two membranes • contains chlorophyll |
| The Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane) | • makes up cell membranes and organelle membranes • semi-permeable • made of phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterol • role is to maintain equilibrium |
| Phospholipid Bilayer | •hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a hydrophobic (water-fearing) fatty acid tail •arrange in bilayers (heads facing towards extracellular fluid and cytoplasm) |
| Passive Transport | • is ALWAYS DOWN the concentration gradient (move from area of high [ ] to area of low [ ]) • doesn’t cost any energy • NO ATP (energy) NEEDED • 3 types |
| Diffusion | • net movement of particles from an area of high [] to low [] • particles move randomly (Brownian Motion)driven entirely by Ek the molecules possess • O2, CO2 |
| Osmosis | • net mov’t of water from high [ ] to low [ ] • water moves when solute can’t |
| Facilitated Diffusion | • many polar molecules & ions diffuse passively with help of transport proteins • still passive because down a [ ] gradient |
| Channel Proteins | have hydrophilic channels that allow molecules/ions to cross membrane |
| Carrier Proteins | undergo change in shape to pass molecule through membrane |
| Hypotonic | → higher [ ] of water compared to cell → cell will take in water |
| Hypertonic | → lower [ ] of water compared to cell → cell will lose water |
| Isotonic | → equal [ ] of water compared to cell → water will flow at same rate in both dir’ns |
| Active Transport | • uses ATP • solute may be “pumped” against (up) a [ ] gradient • transport proteins that move solutes against gradients are all carrier proteins • allows cells to maintain internal env’t of solutes that differs from external env’t |
| Protein Pumps | each solute has it’s own pump |
| Sodium Potassium Pump | • animal cells NEED high [ ] of K+ and low [ ] of Na+ • membrane helps keep these gradients by pumping Na+ OUT of the cell and K+ INTO the cell • pumps 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in |
| Proton Pump | • actively transports H+ out of the cell • co-transport → substance that has been pumped out can do work as it moves back across (H+ can couple with sucrose and bring it back into cell) |
| Exocytosis (Bulk Transport) | • cells excrete molecules using vesicles (small membrane sacs) that fuse with membrane and release contents outside • cell membrane, Golgi and ER can all form vesicles |
| Endocytosis | • cells take in molecules by forming new vesicles from cell membrane |
| Phagocytosis | • used to bring in large materials to be digested • white blood cells (macrophages) swallow bacteria |
| Pinocytosis | • cells take in droplets of fluid and small solutes |
| Receptor Mediated Endocytosis | • uses protein receptors in membrane to identify, bind and bring specific materials into the cell |
| Organism | • living entity made of interacting inter-dependent systems |
| Organ Systems | • group of interacting organs that work together to accomplish specific function for the plant • plants have two organ systems |
| shoot system | everything above ground, captures energy |
| root system | – mostly below ground – obtains water, nutrients & anchors plant |
| Organs | • groups of tissues working together to accomplish a specific task |
| Tissues | • groups of cells working together to perform the same function |
| Palisade Mesophyll | → many chloroplasts, site of photosynthesis |
| Meristem | → specialized growth tissue, site of cell division |
| Spongy Mesophyll | → round and loosely packed, gas exchange |
| Derma | → outer layer of non-woody plants, one cell layer thick, protective layer, waxy cuticle secreted by epidermal cells protects from water loss |
| Vascular | → transport tissue, tube-like veins transport water & nutrients (present in roots, stems and leaves) |
| Stomata | → holes on underside of leaf where CO2, H2O and O2 enter and exit leaf → open or close to regulate water loss and gas exchange → typically open during day, closed at night |
| Guard Cells | → open or close stomata → lots of water in guard cells (turgid) causes them to swell and stomata to open → less water in guard cells (flaccid) causes them to deflate and stomata to close |
| Xylem | → non-living cells at maturity → conducts water & minerals from root to leaves → one-way transport |
| Phloem | → formed from long sieve tubes (no nuclei) which are connected to companion cells (nuclei) → transports sugary sap and water from leaves to other parts of plant |
| Lenticels | → plants with bark have lens shaped pores |
| Root Hairs | → growths on root to ↑ SA and ↑ absorption |
| Pollen | → male gametes (reproductive cells) of plant |
| Seeds | → embryonic plant enclosed in protective coating |
| Needles | → retain H2O in coniferous tree |
| Transpiration | • evaporation of H2O through stomata & lenticels creates a pull that is transferred to soil sol’n • from leaves to soil • dependent on temp ↑ temp ↑ evaporation ↑ mov’t in xylem |
| Cohesion | • attraction of H2O to each other (due to H bonding) |
| Adhesion | • attraction of H2O molecules to other substances (like the inside of the xylem) |
| Larger leaves | ↑ SA to capture more light |
| Darker leaves | absorb more light; whereas leaves lighter in colour will reflect more light |
| Positive tropism | grow toward the stimulus |
| Negative tropism | grow away from the stimulus |
| Phototropism | response to light |
| Gravitropism | response to gravity |
| Hydrotropism | response to water |
| Thigmotropism | response to contact |
| Tropisms | • directional growth of a plant as determined by an environmental factor Positive tropism → grow toward the stimulus Negative tropism → grow away from the stimulus • tropisms are control systems to ensure survival |
| Darwin & Darwin | • tip of plant was responsible for detection of light |
Created by:
Isabelle.Keough
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