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AHIV - ch 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Heat exhaustion S&S | Flulike with headache, weakness, nausea, &/or vomiting; body temp may not be significantly elevated in this condition & may continue to perspire despite dehydration |
| Heat exhaustion treatment | Immediately stop physical activity & move to a cool place; cooling measure (cold packs, soaking in cool water, fan while spraying water on the skin); remove constrictive clothing; sports drinks or oral rehydration-therapy; VS, IV, electrolyte monitoring |
| Heat stroke S&S | Temp more than 104, hot & dry skin, mental status changes, hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea, electrolyte imbalances (*sodium & potassium*), oliguria, coagulopathy, & pulmonary edema (crackles) |
| Heat stroke treatment at the scene | Airway, remove from heat, contact EMS, remove clothing, pour or spray cold water, fan the pt, ice packs if available, immerse in water if possible |
| Heat stroke treatment at the hospital | O2, IV, fluids, cooling blanket, labs, no antipyretics, rectal temps every 15 min, insert catheter, VS & blood gases, if shivering -> administer muscle relaxants or benzodiazepines, measure/monitor urine output, & stop cooling when temp is below 102 |
| Snake bite treatment on the scene | Move person to safe area & encourage rest to decrease venom circulation -> remove jewelry & restrictive clothing before swelling worsens -> call for help (do not attempt to harm snake, but instead try to take a picture of it to identify) |
| Snake bite treatment at the hospital | O2!, IV lines for NS or LR, cont cardiac/BP monitoring, opioids, broad-spectrum antibiotics, & baseline labs with CBC, CK, crossmatch |
| Pit vipers | Characteristic depression or pit between each eye & nostril |
| Coral snakes | Red, black rings separated by yellow, cream rings |
| Grades of pit viper envenomation | None - fang marks, but no reactions Minimal - fang marks, local swelling & pain, but no systemic reactions Moderate - fang marks & swelling progressing beyond site with nausea/vomiting/paresthesia/hypotension Severe - ecchymosis & coagulopathy |
| Arthropods (spiders, scorpions, bees, & wasps) | Prevention & carry epi if allergic to bee & wasp stings; s/s: present with cellulitis & MRSA; treatment: heparin because the bites effect clotting & also swelling & cardio |
| Hit by lightening S&S | Stunned or confused (mild), confusion or comatose & experience temporary paralysis (moderate), & cardiac arrest (cardiac probs in general) & CNS injury (severe); Lightenberg figures or keraunographic markings - characteristic skin findings |
| Hit by lightening treatment on the scene | Spinal stabilization, ABCs, CPR (*no danger in physical contact*) |
| Hit by lightening treatment in the hospital | Cardiac monitoring, mechanical ventilation, thorough evaluation, CT scan, labs (CK), & assess burn wounds (tetanus prophylaxis if necessary) |
| Mild hypothermia S&S | Shivering, dysarthria (slurred speech), decreased muscle coordination, impaired cognition, & diuresis |
| Moderate hypothermia S&S | Muscle weakness, increased loss of coordination, acute confusion, apathy, incoherence, possible stupor, & decreased clotting |
| Mild hypothermia treatment | Away from the cold environment, have all wet clothing removed, & undergo passive (ex: applying warm clothing) or active (ex: heating blankets) external rewarming; can drink warm high-carbohydrate liquids that do not contain alcohol or caffeine |
| Moderate hypothermia treatment | May involve both active external warming & core (internal) rewarming (ex: warm IV fluids); be mindful of after-drop (the continued decrease in core body temperature after the vi ctim is removed from the cold environment |
| Severe hypothermia treatment | Extracorporeal rewarming methods such as cardiopulmonary bypass & hemodialysis |
| Considerations with hypothermic patients | Cold effects metabolism, so administer drugs with caution; defibrillation attempts may be ineffective until core temp is above 86 degrees |
| Grade I frostbite S&S | Hyperemia (increased blood flow) of the involved area & edema formation |
| Grade 2 frostbite S&S | Large, clear-to-milky, fluid-filled blisters develop with partial-thickness skin necrosis |
| Grade 3 frostbite S&S | Appears as small blisters that contain dark fluid & an affected body part that is cool, numb, blue, or red & does not blanch. Full-thickness & subcutaneous tissue necrosis occurs & requires debridement |
| Grade 4 frostbite S&S | Blisters over the carpal or tarsal (instead of just the digit); the part is numb, cold, & bloodless; the full-thickness necrosis extends into the muscle & bone; gangrene develops which may require amputation of the part |
| Frostbite first aid/prehospital care | Seek shelter from the wind & cold; superficial frostbite is easily managed using body heat to warm the affected area |
| Frostbite hospital care | Rapid rewarming in a water bath is indicated to thaw the frozen part; administer analgesics, IV opiates & rehydration as prescribed; elevate above heart level, assess for compartment syndrome ; tetanus immunization; loose dressings only |
| Acute mountain sickness S&S | Throbbing headache, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, chills irritability, & apathy HACE: ataxia & mental status changes HAPE: persistent dry cough, cyanosis in lips & nail beds, & pink, frothy sputum |
| Acute mountain sickness treatment | Descent to a lower altitude, oxygen, & dexamethasone to reduce cerebral edema; acetazolamide for treatment or prevention (should be taken 24 hours before ascent & be continued for the first 2 days of the trip) |
| Drowning treatment | Safe removal from water, airway & ventilatory support measures, & gastric decompression with a nasogastric or orogastric tube to prevent aspiration of gastric contents & improve ventilatory function |
| Severe hypothermia S&S | Bradycardia, severe hypotension, decreased RR, cardiac dysrhythmias, decreased neurologic reflexes to coma, decreased pain responsiveness, & acid-base imbalance |
Created by:
tatianalopez03
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