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Semester 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Logical set of steps to follow in order to solve problems is known as the | Scientific Method |
| Scientific Hypothesis | Can be tested by experiments or observations |
| When a scientist develops a controlled experiment, it isolates and tests | A single variable |
| An well tested and supported explanation that tries to explain how something happens is known as a | Theory |
| Any factor in an experiment that can change and influence the results is referred to as a | Variable |
| What does it mean for something to be alive | Satisfy all characteristics of life |
| What a scientists changes in order to see how it affects the outcome | Independent Variable |
| Results that are written in numbers to explain the outcome | Quantitative data |
| Proposed scientific answer to a problem | Hypothesis |
| All the reactions that build up and break down molecules | Metabolism |
| Molecule capable of storing coded genetic material | DNA |
| Kept the same, without changes, to allow us to compare to | Control Group |
| Results written in words to explain the outcome | Qualitative Data |
| Single parent produces a genetically identical offspring | Asexual Reproduction |
| What is measured as a result of the experiment | Dependent variable |
| Signal or environmental trigger that causes an organism to respond | Stimulas |
| The study of living things and their surrounding | Biology |
| 2 parents give rise to offspring that is genetically different | Sexual reproduction |
| Balancing internal conditions to keep organism stable | Homeostasis |
| Organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world | Science |
| A covalent bond is formed as the result of | Shared electrons |
| Water molecules are said to be | Polar, with the H atoms being partially positive, and O atoms being partially negative |
| Solutions with a lower concentration of H+ ions than pure water | Are said to be acids |
| The energy required to get a reaction started is known as | activation energy |
| What speeds up the rate of the reaction within living things | enzyme |
| What type of ion forms when an atom loses an electron | Postive |
| When salt is dissolved into water, the water would be considered the | solvent |
| Why is carbon so special compared to other elements | Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons and can form 4 covalent bonds |
| In chemical reactions, atoms are | rearranged |
| Main source of stored energy | Lipids |
| Makes up the cell membrane | Lipids |
| Chain of amino acids forming an enzyme | protein |
| Makes up antibodies, and helps fights infection | protein |
| Made up of monosaccharides, and used for energy | carbohydrate |
| Found in a double helix shape, carrying genetic information | nucleic acid |
| acid | substance that donates protons (H+) to the solution |
| adhesion | one molecule sticks to a molecule of a different type |
| base | substance that accepts protons from the solution |
| cohesion | molecule that sticks to a molecule of the same type |
| enzyme | a protein that lowers the activation energy of a chemical reactions |
| Hydrogen bond | positive side of one molecule being attracted to the negative side of another |
| Ionic bond | attraction of a negative ion to a positive ion after an electron was transferred |
| Lipid | composed of glycerol backbone and fatty acid tails |
| Monomer | Single unit building blocks of larger molecules |
| nucleic acids | composed of a chain of nucleotides |
| Nucleus | area of atom containing protons and neutrons |
| Polymer | molecules made up of multiple building blocks attached to each other |
| product | the materials that a chemical reactions creates |
| reactant | the materials a chemical reaction begins with |
| substrate | the specific materials that a given enzyme will act on |
| Eukaryotes usually contain | a nucleus, genetic material, specialized organelles |
| the cell wall is | made up of tough fibers for support |
| Prokaryotes do not have a | nucleus |
| what organelle is only in plant cells | cloroplasts |
| what can get though the cell membrane | small and no polar objects |
| Diffusion is the movement of particles from | an area of high concentration to low |
| Even though prokaryotes doe not have a true nucleus, they do have | genetic material |
| Endocytosis | is a form of active transport that moves materials into the cell forming vesicle |
| Passive Transport | Diffusion, does not require energy, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, substance go with the concentration gradient |
| Active transport | requires energy, solute pumping, substance going against concentration gradient |
| responsible for making mostly proteins, covered with ribosomes | rough er |
| stores genetic material | nucleus |
| converts sugar into smaller molecules of atp | mitochondria |
| uses chlorophyll to catch sunlight and make sugar | chloroplasts |
| stores water, food, and waste | vacuole |
| contains digestive enzymes which break down material | lysosome |
| gives structural support to the outside of the cell | cell wall |
| assists in the reproduction of lipids | smooth er |
| plants are able to perform photosynthesis, which uses__in order to create__ | Light and sugar |
| what are the 3 types of an atp molecule | adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphates |
| Energy and ATP | Energy is required in order to turn ADP+p into ATP |
| What gas is given off of a plant | oxygen |
| Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into | Oxygen and high energy sugars |
| What are the reactants for photosynthesis | Water, light, and carbon dioxide |
| Plants are able to gather energy from light with help of a molecule called | Chlorophyll |
| Plants appear green because chlorophyll | does not absorb green light |
| Where is chlorophyll found | Inside the thylakoid |
| What is the role of electron transport chain in photosynthesis | Pump H+ ions into thylakoid so they leave through atp synthase |
| where do light independent reactions take place | stroma |
| what are the products of light dependent reactions | ATP, NADPH, and O2 |
| What is the role of NADP+ in photosynthesis | carry high energy electrons |
| Light dependent reactions | Light energy is produced, occurs in the thylakoid, oxygen is released, atp is produced H2O is used |
| Light independent reactions | takes place in the stroma, carbon dioxide is used, and sugar is produced |
| What gas is released in cell respiration | carbon dioxide |
| cellular respiration uses oxygen and glucose to | convert chemical energy from sugar to ATP |
| Animals are able to convert most of the energy contained within glucose with help of the | mitochondria |
| what exactly in the molecule of sugar does cell respiration allow us to access to | energy in the bonds |
| the 3 main steps of cellular respiration are | glycolysis, krebs cycle, ETC |
| The overall reaction of cellular respiration is | Glucose+oxygen--water+carbon dioxide |
| what aerobic process produces the most atp | ETC |
| oxygen plays a role in aerobic respiration by | keeping the electrons from backing up at the end of ETC |
| ETC | Uses energy from electrons to create a concentration gradient, uses energy to pump H+ out of matrix, contains atp synthase to build atp |
| fermentation | creates harmful byproduct to free up NAD+, in uses when O2 is absent |
| Glycolysis | Costs 2 atp to start the process but gives back 4, occurs in cytoplasm of all cells |
| krebs cycles | breaks down pyruvate into 3 carbon dioxide molecules, loads up both NAPH and FADH2 with high energy electrons |
| all of the individuals of a single species that live in a specific area are referred to as a | population |
| In a typical primary succession, such as one started after a retreating glacier | lichens help break down rock into soil |
| the cycling of material is called | biogeochemical nutrient cycle |
| Organisms that fill the base level of a food chain is | producers |
| organisms who have broad niches are more lickely to survive because they | are not likely to depend on a single food source |
| Climate | average temperture and precipitation over an extended period of time |
| keystone species | species who will greatly impact ecosystem if removed |
| pioneer species | organisms who inhabits an empty area and makes way for future organisms |
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