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Lecture quiz- Mehta
1st lecture quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| which way does water move via osmosis? | from hypotonic to hypertonic solutions |
| 6 major groups of microorganisms | Algae, Bacteria, Fungi, Helminths, Protozoa, and Viruses |
| prokaryotes have no | nucleus |
| 3 types of eukaryotes | fungus protozoa and algea |
| archaea are made up of | eukaryotes |
| 3 domains | bacteria archaea and eukaryotes |
| roles played out by microorganisms in our environment | - carry out photosynthesis -biological decomposition -nutrient recycling |
| Protozoa | -Most live in water but some live inside animal host -euglena, amoeba and paramecium are examples -able to cause diseases in human |
| fungi | -can degrade dead plants and animals(microbial recyclers) -microscopic fungi include some molds and yeast -molds are multicellular and yeast are unicellular eukaryotic cells -can cause disease -have cell walls |
| bacteria | -known to cause diseases in humans -found everywhere -prokaryotic and unicellular -can degrade dead plants and animals without it our bodies would be more susceptible to disease |
| archaea | -prokaryotic and unicellular -reproduce asexually |
| algae | -are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotees -unicellular can provide most of the worlds oxygen as a product of photosynthesis |
| viruses | -much smaller than prokaryotes and not visible by light microscopy -can cause human diseases -obligate intracellular parasites -needs a host to reproduce -are acellular |
| monotrichous | a single flagellum located at one end of the cell |
| axial filament or endoflagella | motility structure of found in spirochetes |
| fimbriae | -small, bristle structures that allow sticking to host cells -contributes to biofilm formation -strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae that lacks this structure are non pathogenic |
| chemotaxis | -movement towards an attractant or repellant |
| spirochete | corkscrew shape of bacteria |
| peritrichous | flagella in many places around the cell surface |
| sex pilus | structure involved in conjugation |
| flagella | the presence or absence of this structure allows us to classify bacteria as motile or nonmotile |
| Lipid A | Endotoxic portions of the gram(-) cell wall |
| cell wall | provides structure, shape and protects against osmotic pressure |
| streptococcus | cocci arranged in a chain |
| staphylococcus | cocci arranged in a cluster |
| periplasmic space | area between the outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane in gram(-) |
| streptobacillus | rods arranged in a chain |
| NAG+NAM | two sugars that are bonded together to form chains |
| peptidoglycan | chains of NAG-NAM are covalently link to others by cross bridges of tetrapeptides |
| teichoic and liporeichoic acid | responsible for negative charge of the gram (+) cell |
| phospholipid bilayer | composition of the cell membrane and outer membrane |
| porins | protein channels that allow molecules to cross the outer membrane of the gram(-) cell wall |
| lipopolysaccharide(LPS) | found in the outer membrane composed of sugars and lipids |
| mycoplasma | this group of bacteria lacks cell wall |
| Gram(-) | -has outer membrane -will decolorize in the gram stain process -has a thin peptidoglycan layer -will appear pink after gram staining -has lipopolysaccharides and porins -has lipid A -more susceptible to lysozyme |
| Gram(+) | -will appear purple after gram staining -has a thick peptidoglycan layer -has teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids -will not decolorize in the staining process -more susceptible to penicillin |
| 2 diseases caused by acid fast+bacteria | TB= M. Tuberculosis Leprosy= M. Leprae |
| plasmids | small, non-chromosomal, circular DNA molecules |
| nuclei | region of the prokaryotic cytosol containing cells DNA |
| 70S | Size of ribosomes in a prokaryotic cell |
| 80S | size of ribosomes in a eukaryotic cell |
| endospores | structures that provide resistance to heat, radiation, disinfection, etc. |
| ribosomes | -site of protein synthesis -present in all cells |
| inclusions | composed of reserve deposits of lipids, carbohydrates and other compounds |
| hypertonic | environment of the cell that can lead to plasmolysis |
| hypotonic | environment that can lead to lysis |
| Francesco Redi | disproved spontaneous generation, used flash and cloth with heat |
| Needham | -experiment with broth led him to the wrong conclusion |
| Pasteurs | -experiment with swan-necked flask -vaccines for anthrax and rabies |
| Sammelweis | -gave us correct way to hand-wash and first use of antiseptics(1840) -implemented aseptic techniques in nursing |
| Lister | -Showed that hand washing decreased puerperal sepsis |
| Antoni van leeuwenhoek | - founded "animalcules" which are known as bacteria now -looked at water under a microscope |
| Robert Koch | - Koch disease etiology of anthrax: a. Observe the presence of the same microorganism in every case of the particular disease b. Isolate and culture the microbe c. Inoculate a healthy individual and observe the same disease d. Re-culture the pathogen |
| pathogen | microorganism capable of causing disease |
| disease | any adverse condition severe enough to interfere with normal body functioning |
| Hooke | -Implemented aseptic techniques in surgery |
| Florence nightingale | First to publish descriptions of cells |
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