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Bio midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| response | a reaction to a stimulus |
| Stimulus | a signal to which an organism responds |
| Homeostasis | process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment |
| Evolution | Change over a long period of time |
| independent variable | variable that is manipulated |
| dependent variable | the variable that is measured in an experiment |
| Theory | A hypothesis that has been repeated over time with similar results |
| Ethics | Moral principals and values |
| Boiling point in Celsius | 100 degrees |
| Freezing point on Celsius | 0 degrees |
| Boiling point on Fahrenheit | 212 degrees |
| Freezing point on Fahrenheit | 32 degrees |
| Microscope that magnifies things 500,000 times | Electron microscope |
| Microscope used for things that light can't pass through | Steromicroscope |
| Recorded measurements during an experiment | data |
| Volume | A liter is used to measure this |
| Weight | Grams are used to measure |
| Length | A meter is used to measure |
| Biologists | scientists who study living things |
| An astronomer studies | space |
| A geologist studies | earth |
| The International System of Units | All scientists use this |
| Ethical issues | Technology advancements cause these problems |
| Autotrophs | Organisms that make their own food |
| Heterotrophs | organisms that cannot make their own food |
| Commensalism | one organism benefits and the other is unaffected |
| Mutualism | both organisms benefit |
| Parasitism | One organism benefits and the other is harmed |
| Symbiosis | relationship in which two species live closely together |
| trophic level | Each step in a food chain or food web |
| food web | All possible feeding relationships |
| Abiotic | Non-living things |
| Biotic | living things |
| Consumers | An organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains. |
| 10% | The amount of energy transferred from one trophic level to another. |
| primary succession | succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists |
| secondary succession | Occurs in areas that previously contained life |
| Speices | A group of organisms that can interbreed |
| Succession | A series of predictable and orderly changes within an ecosystem over time. |
| climax community | A stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species over time |
| pioneer species | First species to populate an area during primary succession |
| Tolerance | ability of an organism to survive and reproduce under circumstances that differ from their optimal conditions |
| Population | group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area |
| Communities | different populations that live together in a defined area |
| photic zone | sunlight region near the surface of water |
| aphotic zone | permanently dark layer of the oceans below the photic zone |
| Estuary | where salt and fresh water meet |
| Salinity | the amount of salt in water |
| Tropical rain forest | Biome near the equator with warm temperatures, wet weather, and lush plant growth |
| Grassland | A biome where grasses are the main plant life with humus in the soil |
| Tundra | Treeless land, poor topsoil, with permafrost underneath |
| Taiga | Just south of the tundra, also called northern coniferous forest |
| temperate forest | dominated by broad-leaved hardwood trees that lose their foliage annually |
| desert | an arid region with little or no vegetation |
| Element | A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances |
| Compound | a thing that is composed of two or more separate elements; a mixture. |
| Robert Brown | First scientist to observe random motion of particles |
| covalent bond | A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons |
| ionic bond | When two atoms combine by gaining or losing electrons |
| Acidic | 0-6 on the pH scale |
| basic | pH greater than 7 |
| Neutral | Having a 7 on the pH scale |
| dynamic equilibrium | condition of continuous, random movement of particles but no overall change in concentration of materials |
| kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| Lipid | Long-term energy, provide organ protection and Insulate the body |
| Carbohydrates function | Short term energy, simple sugars |
| Protein | Helps build muscle, repair cells, and transports oxygen |
| Nucleic Acids | Provide genetic information like DNA and RNA, help produce proteins |
| Cytoskeleton | Framework made up of microtubules and microfilaments |
| Mitochondrion | an organelle containing enzymes responsible for producing energy |
| Cytoplasm | A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended |
| Water | All life is dependent on this |
| solid, liquid, gas | the three forms of water |
| Covalent and hydrogen bonds | Two bonds that hold water together |
| capillary action | tendency of water to rise in a thin tube |
| Cohesion | Attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| Adhesion | An attraction between molecules of different substances |
| Solvent | A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances |
| Solution | A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another. |
| Metabolism | All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism |
| proton, neutron, electron | 3 subatomic particles |
| positive, neutral, negative | Protons have a ____ charge; neutrons have a ____ charge; electrons have a ____ charge. |
| Nucleus, outer shell | A proton and neutron are found here______, an electron is found here _______ |
| atomic mass | Number of protons and neutrons |
| Rough ER | ER that is dotted with ribosomes, make proteins |
| Smooth ER | ER that has no ribosomes |
| Chloroplast | An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs |
| Vacuole | A sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area |
| Lysosomes | An organelle containing digestive enzymes, clean up crew |
| Ribosomes | Makes proteins |
| Nucleus | Control center of the cell, contains DNA |
| Flagella | whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement |
| Cilia | The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner |
| Schleiden | All plants are made of cells |
| Schwann | all animals are made of cells |
| Hooke | Discovered cells, looked like hollow boxes |
| Leeuwenhoek | first to observe living cells using simple microscope |
| Cell theory states | All living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells are produced from existing cells |
| carrier proteins | a protein that transports substances across a cell membrane |
| channel proteins | provide corridors that allow a specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane |
| Exocytosis | Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material |
| Endocytosis | process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane |
| Energy | This is used in active transport, but not passive transport |
| hypotonic | Causes a cell to swell |
| Hypertonic | Causes a cell to shrink |
| Isotonic | when the concentration of two solutions is the same |
| malignant | cancerous tumor |
| Carcinoma | a cancer arising in the skin or of the lining of the internal organs. |
| Leukemia | cancer of the blood |
| Biopsy | The removal of a small piece of tissue for examination |
| Tumor | A mass of abnormal cells that develops when cancerous cells divide and grow uncontrollably. |
| Carcinogen | A cancer-causing substance |
| metastasis | The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site |
| benign | mild, not cancerous |
| light, water, carbon dioxide | Three things that go into photosynthesis |
| oxygen and glucose | products of photosynthesis |
| Glucose | Main product of photosynthesis |
| ATP | (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work |
| Chlorophyll | Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis |
| Aerobic | Process that requires oxygen |
| Anaerobic | Process that does not require oxygen |
| Glycolysis | breakdown of glucose |
| Allele | Different forms of a gene |
| Genetics | The scientific study of heredity |
| Homozygous | An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait |
| Heterozygous | An organism that has two different alleles for a trait |
| Trait | an inherited characteristic |
| Phenotype | An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits. |
| Genotype | genetic makeup of an organism (letters) |
| Fertilization | Fusion of an egg and sperm cell |
| Recessive | An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present |
| Dominant | Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait. |
| Pollination | transfer of pollen from anther to stigma |
| Gametes | sex cells |
| Gregor Mendel | Father of genetics |
| dihybrid cross | studying two traits crossed from parent organisms |
| monohybrid cross | a cross in which only one characteristic is tracked |
| Egg and sperm | The gene the mother donates is the ___, the father donates the _____. |
Created by:
jmbailey2026
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