Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Microbiology
Celebration 1 Material
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Two positive and two negative impacts of microorganisms | + Probiotics (human microbiome), nutrient cycling, biotech - Diseases (parasites, virus, bacteria), decaying (food, wood, etc.) |
| Microbiology is | Study of microorganisms/microbes, which are things too small to see with the naked eye |
| Nonliving/noncellular entities | Viruses and prions. DON'T METABOLIZE |
| Prokaryotes | Bacteria and archaea. Have no nucleus, smaller than euk with no membrane bound organelles |
| Eukaryotes | Protists, fungi, helminths. Have nucleus and organelles, bigger than prokaryotes |
| Pathogens | Can cause disease in a healthy human |
| Opportunistic pathogens | Take advantage of a weakened immune system |
| Robert Hooke | Used compound microscope to look at plants, named the "cell" |
| Antonie van Leeuwenhoek | Made superior microscopes with a magnification power of up to 300x. First to observe living microbes |
| Theories for origin of life | Spontaneous generation or biogenesis |
| Spontaneous generation | Theory that life comes from nonliving items, proven false by Pasteur's S-necked flask experiment |
| Biogenesis | Life emerges from existing life |
| Louis Pasteur | Helps demonstrate Germ Theory of Disease, showed microbes caused fermentation/spoilage, disproved spontaneous generation, developed pasteurization, and made rabies vaccine |
| S-necked flask experiment | By Louis Pasteur. Flask trapped microbes outside of flask containing broth, allowing air passage. When they aren't introduced, broth doesn't spoil, and when they are it does. Disproved spontaneous generation. |
| Why was it important that in the S-necked flask experiment the broth was heated in the same flask it was cooled in? | The new flask may have had microbes, and some from the air may be introduced during transfer. |
| Miasma theory | Said diseases were caused by "bad air", is replaced by Germ Theory |
| Robert Koch | Koch's postulates that verified Germ Theory and enabled people to get pure cultures. He identified cause of anthrax, TB, and cholera |
| Koch's postulates | 1. The same organism must be in every case of the disease but not present in the healthy 2. Organism must be isolated from host and grown as pure culture 3. Isolated organism should cause same disease when inoculated in new host 4. Reisolate org |
| What are the limitations of Koch's postulates? | Difficult if microbes have complex life cycle, prions and viruses can't be cultured by themselves, requires obvious and unique symptoms, and requires model organisms to inoculate (ethics) |
| Aseptic techniques | Strategies that prevent infection (microbe transmission). Includes handwashing and sterilization |
| Ignaz Semmelweis | Developed first antiseptic techniques in hospital setting, and recommended hand-washing to decrease mortality rate from childbed fevers |
| Joseph Lister | Proved sterilizing instruments and sanitizing wounds with carbolic acid prevented pus formation |
| Florence Nightingale | Established aseptic techniques in nursing, founder of modern nursing |
| Three domains of life on Earth | Bacteria, archaea, eukarya |
| Bacteria | Most are single-celled with peptidoglycan in cell wall. Most are non-pathogenic and play major role in nutrient cycling |
| Archaea | Most are single-celled with no peptidoglycan, associated with extremes (heat, salt conc, etc.) and has no known pathogens |
| Eukarya | Animals, plants, fungi, and protists. Unicellular or multicellular. Most have nucleus and organelles and are larger than bacteria/archaea |
| Nomenclature for microorganisms | Genus species (IN ITALICS) Escherichia coli (E. coli) |
| Strains | Same species but with variations in behavior (biovars, serovars, morphovars, and pathovars). Bacteria and archaea are themes, so can be difficult to classify/name. Uses genetics (16s rRNA gene) |
| Microbiome | Functional collection of different microbes in a particular environmental system (human microbiome) |
| Microbiota | Describes all microbes in a microhabitat (skin microbiota) |
| Exclusionary principle | All the good areas of the body to support microbes are taken up by semi-benign microbes and crowd out worse ones |
| Beneficial microbial contributions to human health | Vitamin synthesis, gas production, trains immune system to respond |
| ______ delivery is better at establishing microbiota for the first year of human life. | Vaginal (instead of C-section) |
| What determines nature of gut microbiome? | Types of food eaten. Wants more variety. |
| Biofilms | Can form on any surface (including medical instruments). Is extracellular biosaccharide produced by bacteria on a solid surface |
| Why are biofilms a problem in healthcare? | Resistant to disinfectants and antibiotics because of film and can grow lots of places |
| Planktonic bacteria | Swimming bacteria |
| What elements make up 96% of the cell? | CHNOPS |
| Carbohydrates | C H O |
| Proteins | C H O N S (amino acids) |
| Lipids | C H O |
| Nucleic acids | C H O N P |
| Three classification types for microbial media | Physical nature (solid, liquid, etc.) Chemical constituents they include (nutrient, etc.) Function (what's it for?) |
| Colonies | Isolates masses of cells that are grown on solid media |
| Colony morphology | How different colonies look (shape, size, texture, density, etc.) |
| Benefits of agar | Not digestible for most microbes, provides framework to hold moisture and nutrients, and can be liquified at a not too high temperature |
| Pure culture | When specific types of microbe is isolated from a diverse sample |
| Magnification power | Ability to enlarge objects |
| Resolving power | Ability to show detail |
| Contrast | |
| Why are stains and dyes used? | Increases contrast so structures of cells are revealed, and enables the culture to be used diagnostically (can tell difference between types of cells) |
| What is needed for a stain/dye to be effective? | Ability to bind to cell and a chromophore group |
| Why is the Gram stain important? | Is most common stain, divides bacteria into two groups based on diff in cell wall structure |
| Name other stains besides Gram stain | Flagella staining, negative staining for capsules, heat used for endospores |
| Why would an e- microscope provide higher resolution than a light microscope? | e- are much smaller and can fill more spaces |
| Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) | Sees cross sections |
| Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) | Sees e- bounce off the top of thing being scanned |
Created by:
RunningMads
Popular Biology sets