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Macromolecules
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Organic | compounds that contain the element carbon. |
| Monomer | a single building block molecule. |
| Polymer | a large molecule made up of smaller molecules called monomers. |
| Carbohydrate | a compound that is made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. These molecules provide short-term energy to organisms. |
| Lipid | a compound made up mostly of carbon and hydrogen with a small amount of oxygen. These molecules store long-term energy and are made of glycerol and fatty acids. |
| Protein | a large molecule made up of amino acids. Amino acids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. |
| Nucleic acid | a large molecule made up of nucleotides. These molecules store and transmit genetic information. |
| Hydrogen bond | a weak interaction involving a hydrogen atom and a fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom from a different molecule. |
| Glucose | a monosaccharide sugar that serves as a building block for all carbohydrates. |
| Amino acids | the monomer building blocks of proteins. |
| Nucleotides | the monomer building blocks of nucleic acids. |
| Enzyme | proteins that serve as biological catalysts. They speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy. |
| Activation energy | the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction. |
| Catalyst | a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction. |
| Active site | the specific place where a substrate binds. |
| Reactant | the molecules that are used in a chemical reaction. |
| Substrates | the reactants that bind to enzymes. |
| pH | refers to the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. Numbers below 7 are acids and numbers above 7 are bases. If a substance has a pH of 7, it is considered neutral. |
| Buffer | mixtures that react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range. |
| Macromolecules | large molecules that are formed by joining smaller organic molecules together. |
| Starch | a polysaccharide carbohydrate that provides short-term energy storage. It is found stored in plants. |
| Glycogen | an energy storage polysaccharide that is found in the liver and skeletal muscle. |
| Cellulose | a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls that provides structural support. It is made of chains of glucose linked together. |
| Chitin | a structural polysaccharide that is the main component in hard shells of shrimp, lobsters, and some insects, as well as the cell walls of some fungi. |
| DNA | a double-stranded molecule that contains the genetic information of an organism. It contains deoxyribose sugar. |
| RNA | a single-stranded molecule that contains the genetic instructions of an organism. It contains ribose sugar. |
| Hemoglobin | a protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for transporting oxygen to all the tissues in the body. |
| Insulin | a hormonal protein that regulates blood glucose levels. |
| Antibody | a protein that is produced by the immune system that helps defend the body by fighting against harmful bacteria and viruses. |
| Phospholipid | a key component of cell membranes that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. |
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