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Microbiology
Excelsior Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Helical; axial filaments for mobility | Spirochetes |
| A simple, comma-like curve | Vibrio |
| Name means "little staff" | Bacilli |
| Oval shaped | Coccobacilli |
| Golgi complex is found in a(n) | Eukaryotic cell |
| Meiosis occurs in reproduction | Eukaryotic cell |
| Usually single circular chromosome without histones | Prokaryotic cell |
| Sterols generally present in cell membrane | Eukaryotic cell |
| Cell wall almost always contains peptidoglycans | Prokaryotic cell |
| Nucleus bounded by a membrane | Eukaryotic cell |
| Contain pigments for photosynthesis by bacteria; found in the plasma membrane | Chromatophores |
| Gram-negative bacterial cells after their treatment with lysozyme | Spheroplasts |
| Specialized external structures that assist in the transfer of genetic material between cells | Sex Pili |
| Numerous short, hairlike appendages that help in attachment to mucous membrane | Fimbriae |
| General term for substances surrounding bacterial cells | Glycocalyx |
| Polysaccharides found in the cell wall of many gram-positive bacteria | Teichoic acids |
| Inclusions of iron oxide | Magnetosomes |
| Metachromatic granules of stored phosphate in prokaryotes | Volutin |
| Entrance of fluids and dissolved substances into eukaryotic cells | Pinocytosis |
| Membrane-enclosed spheres in phagocytic cells that contain powerful digestive enzymes | Lysosomes |
| The "powerhouses" of the cell | Mitochondria |
| Arrangement of flagella distributed over the entire cell | Peritrichous |
| A single flagellum at each end of the cell | Amphitrichous |
| A widening at the base of the flagellar filament | Hook |
| An enzyme affecting gram-positive cell walls; found in tears | Lysozyme |
| A compound found in bacterial endospores | Dipicolonic acid |
| A compound frequently found in the cell walls of yeasts | Chitin |
| The five carbon sugar in DNA | Deoxyribose |
| Bonds between amino acids in proteins | Peptide |
| Carbon has a valence of | Four |
| The principle energy-carrying molecule in all cells | ATP |
| In a protein, the order of the amino acid sequence is what level of organization | Primary |
| Thymine and cytosine are single-ring structures called | Pyrimidines |
| The level of protein organization that provides it with a three-dimensional shape | Tertiary |
| Number of different kinds of amino acids that occur naturally | Twenty |
| The minimum collision energy required for a chemical reaction to occur is its | Activation energy |
| Decomposition yields energy which is called | Exergonic reaction |
| Helical; move by flagella if present | Spirilla |
| Spherical; in chains | Streptococci |
| Divide in three regular planes; spheres form cubelike packets | Sarcinae |
| Protection from a disease that is provided by vaccination | Immunity |
| The treatment of a disease with chemical substances | Chemotherapy |
| The use of microbes to clean up; for example, an oil spill | Bioremediation |
| The process by which yeasts change sugars into alcohol | Fermentation |
| Photosynthetic bacteria; may fix nitrogen from air | Cyanobacteria |
| Photosynthetic eukaryotes | Algae |
| Eukaryotes classified primarily by their means of locomotion | Protozoa |
| General name for a rod-shaped bacterium | Bacillus |
| General name for a spherical bacterium | Coccus |
| Prokaryotes whose cell walls lack peptidoglycans and are often found in extreme environments | Archaea |
| Bacteria generally reproduce into two equal daughter cells by a process called | Binary fission |
| The set of criteria that prove that a specific microorganism is the cause of a specific disease | Koch's postulate |
| The concept that living cells can only arise from other living cells | Biogenesis |
| An arsenic derivative discovered by Paul Ehrlich that was effective against syphillis | Salvarsan |
| The strongest of three chemical bonds | Covalent bond |
| An uncharged particle in the atomic nucleus | Neutron |
| The number of protons in the nucleus | Atomic number |
| A bond formed by sharing electrons in the outermost shell | Covalent bond |
| A bond formed by the gain or loss of electrons from the outer electron shell | Ionic bond |
| The substance upon which an enzyme acts | Substrate |
| A protein that lowers the activation energy required for a reaction | Enzyme |
| The sum of the atomic weights of a molecule's atoms | Molecular weight |
| The collective term for all decomposition reactions | Catabolism |
| The number of grams equal to molecular weight | Mole |
| The collective term for all synthesis reactions | Anabolism |
| The combining capacity of an atom | Valence |
| An ion with a positive charge | Cation |
| One of two molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures | Isomer |
| Prevents drastic change in pH | Buffer |
| Substances that dissociate into ions that are neight OH- nor H+ | Salts |
| A proton donor | Acid |
| Dissociates into one or more negative hydroxide ions, such as OH- | Base |
| Eight or more glucose molecules in a chain | Polysaccharide |
| Production of a molecule of water during synthesis | Condensation |
| Formed from chains of amino acids | Protein |
| Results from the release of energy by separation of the terminal phosphate group | Adenosine Diphosphate |
| Same number of protons in the nucleus but different weights | Isotope |
| A molecule containing at least two kinds of atoms, such as water | Compound |
| An atom that is stable because it has its full complement of electrons | Molecule |
| The D and L forms of an amino acid | Stereoisomer |
| Purines or pyrimidines attached to a pentose sugar, but without a phosphate group | Nucleoside |
| Have a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 2:1 | Carbohydrate |
| In DNA, it will pair with guanine | Cytosine |
| In RNA, replaces thymine | Uracil |
| No flagella | Atrichous |
| Closely involved in protein synthesis | Ribosomes |
| Structures characteristic of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic plasma membranes | Phospholipid bilayer |
| Found in flagella and cilia of eukaryotic cells | Microtubules |
| Highly resistant bodies formed by a few bacterial species | Endospores |
| Small circular DNA molecules that are not connected with the main chromosome | Plasmids |
| The semifluid center portion of a the mitochondrion | Matrix |
| A substance similar to peptidoglycan that is found in the cell wall of archaea | Pseudomurein |
| Bacteria with irregular morphology | Pleomorphic |
| Extracellular polymeric substances on some bacterial cells; may help cells adhere to surfaces | Glycocalyx |
| Bacterial cell with thin peptidoglycan layer, outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide | Gram-negative |
| Protein that forms fimbriae | Pilin |
| Bundles of microtubules that probably play a role in cell division of eukaryotic cells | Centrioles |
| Bacteria that have lost their cell walls and may later spontaneously regain them | L-forms |
| Ingrowth of plasma membrane before endospore formation | Septum |
| Anchors the flagella of bacteria to the cell wall and plasma membrane | Basal body |
| The Golgi complex consists of flattened sacs that are connected to the ER called | Cisterns |
| The term that means a lower concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside | Hypotonic |
| Three examples of passive diffusion across membranes | Simple diffusion; Osmosis; Facilitated diffusion |
| The protein in the flagellar filaments of bacteria | Flagellin |
| Energy-yielding series of reactions | Catabolism |
| Means "whole enzyme" | Holoenzyme |
| A nonprotein component of an active enzyme | Coenzyme |
| A measure of the rate of activity of an enzyme | Turnover number |
| A protein portion of an enzyme inactive without a cofactor | Apoenzyme |
| A group of enzymes that function as electron carriers in respiration and photosynthesis | Cytochromes |
| A mechanism by which fatty acids are degraded | Beta oxidation |
| Both the carbon source and energy source are usually the same organic compound | Chemoheterotroph |
| Photosynthetic, but uses organic material rather than carbon dioxide as a carbon source | Photoheterotroph |
| The photosynthetic purple nonsulfur bacteria would be classified in this nutritional group | Photoheterotroph |
| Photosynthetic bacteria that use carbon dioxides as a carbon source | Photoautotroph |
| Changes the shape of the active site of an enzyme | Noncompetitive inhibitor |
| Very similar in shape or chemistry to the normal enzyme substrate | Competitive inhibitor |
| Hexose monophosphate shunt | Pentose phosphate pathway |
| The final electron acceptor is oxygen | Aerobic respiration |
| Produces important intermediates that act as precursors in the synthesis of nucleic acids and so on | Pentose phosphate pathway |
| Bacteria use oxygen substitutes such as nitrates | Anaerobic respiration |
| Pyruvic acid accepts electrons and is turned into various end-products, such as lactic acid or ethanol | Fermentation |
| Glucose to pyruvic acid | Glycolysis |
| Electrons are removed from an organic compound and are transferred by and electron transport chain to oxygen | Oxidative phosphorylation |
| An electron is liberated from chlorophyll and passes down an electron transport chain | Photophosphorylation |
| A dehydrogenase coenzyme derived from nicotinic acid (niacin) | NAD+ |
| A dehydrogenase coenzyme derived from riboflavin | FMN |
| In chemiosmosis, protons can diffuse across a membrane only through special channels that contain this enzyme | ATP synthase |
| Pyruvic acid loses carbon dioxide to form an acetyl group | Anoxygenic |
| Removal of electrons | Oxidation |
| Uses an inorganic source of energy such as ammonia or elemental sulfur | Chemoautotrophic |
| A chemoheterotroph that lives on dead organic matter | Saprophytes |
| When an enzyme's active site is occupied at all times by substrate or product molecules | Saturated |
| Cyanide is an example of a general type of inhibitor called | Noncompetitive |
| Sulfa drugs are an example of a type this type of inhibitor | Competitive |
| No oxygen or other inorganic final electron acceptor is required | Substrate level phosphorylation |
| Cyanobacteria produce this gas, just as higher plants do | Oxygen |
| The amount of ATP yield from aerobic respiration by a prokaryote | Thirty-eight |
| The amount of ATP yield from glycolysis | Two |
| The removal of NH2 from an amino acid | Deamination |
| The removal of -COOH from an amino acid | Decarboxylation |
| The substance acted upon an enzyme | Substrate |
| Coenzyme A is a derivative of the B vitamin | Pantothenic acid |
| A sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell is called a | Metabolic pathway |
| Glucose is usually broken down to pyruvic acid by | Glycolysis |
| In aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid is converted to | Acetyl CoA |
| DNA and RNA are made up of repeating units called | Nucleotides |
| Adapted to high salt concentration which are required for growth | Extreme halophile |
| The general term used for organisms capable of growth at 0 degrees C | Psychrophile |
| Capable of growth at high temperatures; optimum 50-60C | Thermophile |
| Used in media to neutralize acids | Buffer |
| A phenomenon that occurs when bacteria are placed in high salt concentration | Plasmolysis |
| Term used in text for organisms that grow well at refrigerator temperatures; optimum growth is at temps of 20-30C | Psychrotroph |
| Microbes that grow better at high CO2 concentrations | Capnophile |
| Membranes of the archaea with an optimum growth temperature of 80C or higher | Hyperthermophile |
| Considered a synonym for psychrotroph by some microbiologists | Facultative psychrophile |
| An enzyme acting upon hydrogen peroxide | Catalase |
| Rhizobium bacteria do this in symbiosis with leguminous plants | Nitrogen fixation |
| Requires atmosphere oxygen, but in lower than normal concentrations | Microaerophile |
| Requires atmospheric oxygen to grow | Obligate aerobe |
| Does not use oxygen, but grows readily in its presence | Aerotolerant anaerobe |
| Does not use oxygen and usually finds it toxic | Obligate anaerobe |
| Important source of energy, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur requirements in complex media | Peptones |
| Breakdown hydrogen peroxide without generation of oxygen | Peroxidase |
| Formed in cytoplasm by ionizing radiation | Hydroxyl radical |
| An enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water | Catalase |
| The toxic form of oxygen neutralized by superoxide dismutase | Superoxide free radicals |
| A component added to some culture media that makes the Petri plate into a self-contained anaerobic chamber | Oxyrase |
| Isolation method for getting pure cultures; uses an inoculating loop to trace a pattern of inoculum on a solid medium | Streak Plate |
| A device for maintaining bacteria in a logarithmic growth plate | Chemostat |
| Used to increase the numbers of a small minority of microorganisms in a mixed culture to arrive at a detectable level of microorganisms | Enrichment culture |
| Preservation method that uses quick-freezing and a high vacuum | Lyophilization |
| Accumulations of microbes large enough to see without a microscope | Colonies |
| Microbes added to initiate growth | Inoculum |
| The presence of a spore in a vegetative bacterial cell helps establish that the organism is of which genus? | Bacillus and Clostridium |
| Euglena gracilis is generally classified as having which nutritional process? | autotrophic |
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