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Bio midterm
I might die
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A possible explanation to a proposed problem is a | hypothesis |
| What do scientists look for when they analyze their data | Patterns in the data to support their hypothesis |
| A hypothesis... | -Should be testable -Must be a statement -Should he a probable answer to a question |
| What scientists used bacteria as their responding variable | Pasteur and Needham |
| What scientist believed in spontaneous generation and didn't boil his broth | Needham |
| A responding/dependent variable | What you measure in an experiment |
| Your conclusion must make a statement about your | hypothesis |
| Pasteur... | Worked in the 1800s and used swan neck flasks |
| Needham... | Believed in spontaneous generation |
| Spallanzani... | Was Italian and worked in the 1700s |
| Redi... | Didn't use broth as a controlled variable and had to redo his experiment to allow "life force" in |
| We do background research to | -Become an expert in your topic -Maybe someone already solved my problem/answered my question -Don't want to repeat mistakes |
| The atomic mass is | how much a single atom of an element weighs |
| Atomic number is equal to | The number of protons in one atom of an element |
| An ion is | an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons |
| The ratio of 14C to 12C in a newly created sample is | 1 to 1 trillion |
| 14C... | -has 6 protons and 8 neutrons -is an isotope -has an atomic number of 6 -weighs about 14 AMU |
| Bonds where electrons are shared are called | covalent bonds |
| Bonds where electrons and transferred are called | ionic bonds |
| Atoms make bonds to | be more stable |
| Ionic bonds form | -Magnetic attractions between to charged atoms -Crystals -Salts -Due to transfer of electrons between atoms |
| Why does water have a polar covalent bonds | Because oxygen has a stronger positive pull for the electrons it keeps them more |
| 14C dating is only useful for organic matter for about | 50,000 years |
| Some of the properties of water | -Water is less dense as a solid -Water has a high heat of vaporization -Adhesion |
| The pH scale | -Goes from 0-14 -is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration in solution -has more OH- at 14 than at 0 |
| 1-6 of the ph scale is (blank) 7 is (blank) and 8-14 is (blank) | -Acidic (H+) -Neutral -Alkaline/basic (OH-) |
| A substance with a pH of 8 has (blank) more (blank) ions than a pH of 7 | 10x more OH- ions |
| Polar covalent bonds are | The bonds between hydrogen and oxygen in a water molecule and is the unequal sharing of energy |
| The half life of carbon 14 is | 5,730 years |
| Monomers are | atoms or small molecules that bond together to form more complex structures such as polymers - building blocks - ex. glucose |
| Polymers are | Large molecules made by bonding monomers - Wall made out of building blocks - ex. starch |
| Sucrose is made up of two bonded glucose molecules, how is sucrose classified | As a disaccharide |
| Starch, Chitin, Cellulose, and Glycogen are all | polysaccharides |
| Bonds between monosaccharides are called | Glycosidic linkages |
| Structural CHOs are (blank) and (blank) and Storage CHOs are (blank) and (blank) | -Cellulose and Chitin -Starch and Glycogen |
| Enzymes are | Proteins |
| Primary PRO conformation... | The sequence of Aa |
| Secondary PRO conformation... | -An alpha helix -Beta-pleated sheets -Folding created by local bonding of the Aa |
| Tertiary PRO conformation... | -The folding of the complete protein -Folding created by more distant bonding of the Aa |
| Quaternary PRO conformation... | -For Hemoglobin this is 4 -The number of proteins in a molecule |
| The building blocks of lipids are | Glycerol and fatty acids |
| The major purpose of RNA is to | Function the synthesis of protein |
| The major purpose of DNA is to | Store genetic information and function the synthesis of protein |
| What polymer store and transmit genetic information | Nucleic acids |
| Carbohydrates... | -Monomers are monosaccharides -Used to make crustacean shells -Stores energy in muscles and plants |
| Proteins... | -Make up enzymes -Collagen is one of these |
| Nucleic Acids... | -Is made up of nucleotides -Is involved with making proteins in a cell -Stores genetic information in cells |
| Lipids... | -Make up most of the parts of a cell membrane -Leave a greasy stain on brown paper -Are the main component of cholesterol, estrogen, and testosterone |
| ksjhfsr | sfnbakf |
| Enzymes... | -Name usually ends in -ase -Decrease the energy needed for a reaction -Cause molecules to be built up -Cause molecules to be brown down |
| Increasing the substrate concentration in an enzymatic reaction would result in the... | Increase in enzyme activity |
| The molecule that enzymes work on is called a | Substrate |
| In (blank) inhibition, the inhibitor attaches to the enzyme at some place other than the active site | Non-competitive |
| When an enzyme is denatures it | does not function |
| The active site is where | The substrate binds to the enzyme |
| The inside of the phospholipid bilayer is a (blank) area | hydrophobic area (bc of the hydrophobic tails) |
| The extracellular and intracellular layers are (blank) areas | Hydrophilic areas |
| Diffustion... | -Movement of gas molecules from a high area of concentration to an area of low concentration -Allows hydrophobic material to freely flow through the plasma membrane |
| Osmosis... | -Movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| Endocytosis... | -Pinocytosis is an example of this |
| Exocytosis... | -How cells release large amounts of material from itself |
| Phagostosis.... | -This means cell eating -White blood cells use pseudopods to get bacteria inside of them during this |
| Active transport... | -Requires energy -Movement of gas molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high conecentration |
| Receptor-mediated Endocytosis... | -Uses glycoprotein to signal the cell to take in material |
| A beaker has 800 ml of water and 300 ml of solute in side A and 800 ml of water and 200 ml of solute in side B - What % of total solute is found in side A? How much water does side A need to have in it? How much water needs to move and to what side? | -75% of total solute -1200 ml of water -400 ml of water need to move from side B to side A |
| Sister chromatids are | Exact copies of each other |
| Homologous chromosomes | carry the same type of information |
| What describes the activities of a cell that include cell growth and cell division | The cell cycle |
| How many chromosomes does a typical human have in their diploid cells | 46 |
| M-phase... | -Has two sub phases (Mitosis and Cytokinesis) -Cell division |
| Mitosis... | -Division of the nucleus |
| S-phase... | -DNA is synthesized |
| G2... | Organelles are copied to prepare for cell division |
| Interphase... | Hase 3 sub-phases |
| G1... | When the cells are their smallest |
| Cytokinesis... | The cytoplasm is divided between the 2 new daughter cells |
| Lipids... | -Make up most of the parts of a cell membrane -Leave a greasy stain on brown paper -Are the main component of cholesterol, estrogen, and testosterone |
| Haploid... | -Sperm and egg cells -2nd polar body -Two cells resulting from meiosis 1 -1° oocyte |
| Diploid... | -Zygote -Germ cell in the gonads -Fertilized egg |
| Purpose of cell cycle controls is to | prevent DNA mutations |
| DNA mutations can cause | uncontrolled cell growth which can lead to cancer |
| Causes for DNA mutations | -Carcinogens -Radiation 0Genetics -Random mutations |
Created by:
erica.y
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