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Cell bio notes
Bella bio booklet
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Nucleus and where can it be found | The necleus controlls cell activites- found in plant,animal and fungal cells |
| What is Cell Wall and where can it be found | The cell wall provides support to the cell-found in animal, plant,fungal and bacterial cells |
| What is Mitochondria and where can it be found | Mitchondria is the site of arobic resperation-found in animal,plant and fungal cells. |
| What is Chloroplast and where can it be found | Chloroplast is the site of Photosyntheis-found in some plant cells |
| What is Cell Membrane and where can it be found | The cell membrane controlls the movement of substances in and out of cells-found in all cells |
| What is Cytoplasm and where can it be found | Cytoplasm is the site of chemical reaction-found in all cells |
| What is Vacuole and where can it be found | The vacuole stores cell sap and helps support the cell-found in pland and fungal cells |
| What is Ribosome and where can it be found | Ribosome is the site of protien synthesis-found in all cell types |
| What is Plasmids and where can it be found | Plasmids are small spare circular pieces of DNA-founnd in cytoplam and all cells |
| What are cell sizes calculated in | Cells are measured in micrometers |
| How do u calculate average cell size | Count how many cells you can see going from one side to another, Divide the diameterof the feild of view bt the number of cells |
| What is the cell membrane usualy described as? | It is dedscribed as being selectively premeable |
| The membrane is made up of two main parts. Name them and their function | The membrane is made out of protiens and phospholipids. the phospholipids make the membrane fluid and able to move. the protien parts are found within the Membrane and on the surface or the bottom |
| What size of molecules can pass through the membrane | Only small molecules |
| Give examples of substances that can pass through the memebrane | Oxygen,Carbon Dioxide,Water, Urea(amino acids) and glucose |
| What do some protiens have to allow molecules to pass in and out of the cells | Channels |
| The phospholipids are organised as... | Bilayer |
| Concentration Gradient is... | The STEEPER the concentration gradient the FASTER diffusion takes place |
| What is passive transport | Passive transport is when a substance moves down a concentration gradient. This means substances move from an area of a higer concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| Does passive transport need energy | No |
| What are 2 examples of Passive Transport | Diffusion And Osmosis |
| What is diffusion | Diffsuion is the movemtent of MOLECULES down a concentration gradient from a higher to a lower concentration. |
| Nam 2 substances that CANNOT diffuse into cells and why cant they | Starch and protein because they are too big |
| Why is diffusion important to cells | it allows cells to remove harmfull wasteful waste products. |
| Examples of chemicals that will difsue are.. | carbon dioxide, oxygen, glucose, Amino Acids |
| What is Osmosis | Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a higher water concentration to a lower concentration across a selectively permable membrane |
| Cells will always gain water(and mass) when placed into 100% water. Why? | Pure water(100%) has a higher water concentrationthan ALL cellas and cells will ALWAYS gain water(and mass)when placed into 100% water . |
| Plant cells in a higher water concentration are discribed as | turgid, higher water concentration outside cell so water moves into cell |
| Plant cellas in a lower concentration are discribed as | plasmolysed,higher water concentration inside cell therfore water moves out |
| despription of turgid cell | cell wall bulging, vacuole has expanded, water moved into cell |
| description of plasmolysed cell | Cell membrane has pulled away from cell wall, vacuole has shrunken, water moved out of cell |
| Animal cells in a higher water concentration will... | Burst beacsue higher water concentration outside cell so water moves down concetration gradient into cell |
| Animal cells in a lower water concentration will... | shrink because higher water concentration inside cell so water moves down concentration gradient out of cell |
| What is Active Transport | active transport is when moleculer or ions move across a cell membrane against a concentrationgradient from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. |
| Does active transport need energy | Yes |
| What do protiens in the membrane do? | Proteins in the membrane pump molecules and ions across the membrane |
| examples of Active Transport | Sodium Postasium pump Iodine in Seaweed |
| Sodium-Potassium pump Information(notes): | Active transport proteins are called pumps. Sodium-potassium pump has a duel role. Sodium-potassium pump usesthe same protein to actively transport ions out and potassium ions in.Nerve cells require this Sodium/Potassium pump to send electrical impulses. |
| Iodine in Seaweed Information(notes): | Sea water contains a tiny trace of iodine, yet seaweed can be harvested commercially as a source of idone. Seaweed actively pumos in iodine and concentrate it within their cells. |
| Where is DNA found | in the nucleus of cells |
| What does DNA carry | Dna carries the genetic information for making protiens |
| What is DNA organised as | Chromesomes |
| What are chromesomes | Contains the gentietc information. 23 pairs of these in humans |
| What are genes | Carries the code to make one protien. Have diffrent forms called alleles |
| What is DNA | Contains coded information |
| How is the shape of DNA described? | Its shape is described as a double helix. it is made of two strands which are twisted into a double helix. the strands are joined by bases. |
| DNA is made of 4 types of bases: | adenine(A), thymine(T), guanine(G), and cytosine(C). A always pairs with T. G always pairs with C. |
| A protein : | A long chain of aminao acids. The sequence of amino acids will determine the proteins shape and therefore funtion |
| Making protiens(notes) | mRNA id a molecule that carries a complementary copy if the gentic code from DNA in the nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm, where amino acids are assembled into protien. |
| Making Proteins(note 2 ) | The order of the bases on DNA(and the mRNA copy) determines the order of amino acids in the protien. |
| Making Protiens(note 3 order) | Order of DNA Bases ⬇️ Order of mRNA Bases ⬇️ Order of Amino Acids ⬇️ Order of amino acids determines the structure & function of the protein |
| Proteins are complex molecules made of a chain of... | Aminio Acids |
| The order of amino acids dtermine the protiens | Structure and its function |
| Proteins have many functions such as: | structual, hormones. antibodies, receptors and enzymes |
| Properties of Enzymes: | Enzymes are biological catalysts Enzymes are made by all living cells Enzymes speed up celluar reactions Enzymes are uncharged by the chemical reactions Enzymes are reusable |
| Enzyme reactions | The chemical at the start of the reaction is a substrate The chemical produced at the end of the reaction is the product. The enzyme speeds up the reaction, helping to change substrate to product |
| Reaction Diagram | SUBSTRATE --enzyme--> PRODUCT |
| In each reaction: | 1. The substrate enters the active site of the enzyme 2. An enzyme-substrate complex forms, facilitating the reaction 3. The product is realesed from the active site |
| Why can enzymes only react with one substrate | Enzymes can only react with one substrate beacause the shape of the active site is complementaryto that substrate |
| Synthesis Reaction(notes diagram) | Enzyme substrate ---> Enzyme-Substrate ---> enzyme product complex |
| Name an example of Synthesis Reaction | Phosphorylase speeding up the synthesis of Starch from Glucose-1-Phosphate (G1P) |
| Enzymes and other protiens are affected by...(name 2) | Temperature pH |
| If the pH is too high(strong alkali) ot too low(strong acid) what happens | the enzyme wont be able to catalyse the reaction. |
| Does a reaction still take palce when an enzyme is denatured | No |
| Describe what happens to the site of an active site of an enzyme when it becomes denatured? | this is when the structure of the enzyme changes. this means the active site is no longer the complementary shape required for it when substrate and cannot work to speed up reactions. the change is permenant. |
| What causes enzymes to become denatured? | when an enzyme is put in very high tempretures well above their optimum, or in a pH which is very to the enzyme thas optimum is in acidic conditions then the enzyme denatures |
| What is genetic engineering | genetic information can be transferred fron 1 cell to another y genetic engineering. in genetic engineering DNA is transfered between cells by bacterial plasmids to produce a genetically modified organism(GM) organisim |
| State 2 uses of genetic engineering | Prouduction of medicines eg insulin and growth hormone GM crops resistant to drought or disease or with longer shelf life |
| Why is it important that insulin is made using Genetic Engineering? | Fast, reliable method, produces human insulin for diabetes |
| What is respiration | respertaion is the realease of the chemical energy in glucose by a series of enzyme controlled reactions |
| Uses of energy in cells: | cell division (mitosis) Muscle cell contravtion Protien synthesis Transmission of nerve impulses Active transport |
| What is ATP | ATP is a high energy molecule which is used to link the energy producing reactions like aerobic respiration with the energy requiring reactions raking place in a different part of the cell like the production of proteins. |
| Do all Biological cell processes or Chemical Reactions require Enzymes | YES |
| What is the main souce of energy for cells | Glucose(sugar) |
| What is the energy released used to genrate | Its used to generate ATP |
| whats the name of the procces where energy is released from glucose | Respiration |
| the higher the energy requiment of a cell the greater number of ............ present in that cell | Mitochondria, for example a mucles cell requires energy for mucles contraction , therefore lots of mitrochondria are found in the muscle cell, Which produces alot of ATP |
| Aerobic respiration STAGE1-(glycolysis) Occurs in the .......... of ALL cels | Cytoplasm |
| What happens in stage 1 of aerobic resperation | Glucose is broken down into 2x pyruvate the energy realised is used to make 2x ATP |
| Stage 2 Occours in the... | mitochondria which are founded in the cytoplasm of animal cells, plant cellas and fungal cells. bacteria do not have any mitcochondria |
| What happens in Stage 2 of aerobic resperation | Pyruvate is broken down with oxygen which produces energy(carbon dioxid)+ water the energy realied in the reaction is alot of ATP |
| Word summary for aerobic respiration | Glucose+Oxygen ---> Carbon dioxide+Water+ Energy |
| in animal cells the pyruvate molecules are converted to... | lactate |
| fermentation in animal cells | the breakdown of each glucose molecule via the feementation pathway yeilds onlt the initial two molecules of ATP from the splitting of glucose |
| Word Summary for Anima cell fermentation | Glucose---> lactate + energy |
| In pant and yeast cells the pyruvate molecules are coverted to... | carbon dioxide and ethenol |
| fermentation in plant and fungal cells | The breakdown of each glucose molcule via te feermentation pathway yeilds only the initial two molecules of ATP |
| Word summary for plant and fungal cell fermentation | Glucose---> carbon dioxide+ ethanol+ energy |
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halimaxnissar
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