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Cell biology Notes
Cell biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name four type of cells | Animal , Plant ,Fungal ,Bacterial |
| Which cell does not have a cell wall | Animal cell |
| What is a plant cell wall made up of | Cellulose |
| What does the bacterial cell not have | Organelles ( membrane bound parts) |
| Nucleus | Controls cell activities |
| Cytoplasm | Site of chemical reactions |
| cell membrane | Allows molecules in and out the cell |
| Mitochondria | Site of aerobic respiration |
| Cell wall | Supports cell |
| Chloroplast | Site of photosynthesis |
| Ribosome | Site of protein synthesis |
| Sap vacuole | Supports cell and stores sap ( substance made up of water and solutes salt and sugars |
| Plasmid | A circular ring of dna that is often used as a vector of natural transport to transport dna from one cell to another ( or genetic engineering) |
| Chromosome | Controls cell like nucleus since nucleus contains chromosomes |
| How is the membrane selectively permeable | Because it only allows molecules to pass through based on the size |
| What size of molecules can pass through | Only small molecules |
| What is the membrane composed up of | Proteins and phospholipids |
| What do some proteins have so that molecules can pass in and out of the cell | Channels |
| What are phospholipids organised as | The bilayer |
| Why is the membrane described as a fluid mosaic | Because the way the phospholipids move through the membrane is like water on a loch (fluid) and proteins move like boats in a loch (mosaic) |
| What happens during passive transport | Molecules move down the concentration gradient |
| Is energy used during passive transport | No |
| What are 2 examples of passive transport | Diffusion and osmosis |
| Definition of diffusion | The movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration down a concentration gradient |
| What products must leave the cell | Waste |
| What are some examples of products that must leave the cell | Glucose , oxygen, amino acids |
| Definition of osmosis | Movement of water molecules from a higher water concentration to a lower water concentration down a concentration gradient through and selectively permeable membrane |
| What happens to plant cells when placed in a higher water concentration | The become turgid |
| What happens the plant cells when placed in a lower water concentration | The become plasmolysed |
| What happens to Animal cells in a Higher water concentration | They burst |
| What happens to animals cells in a lower water concentration | They shrink |
| Does active transport require energy | Yes |
| Examples of active transport | Iodine in seaweed and sodium potassium pump |
| What cells required the sodium pump | Nerve cell |
| Where is dna found | In the nucleus |
| What does dna carry | Genetic information for making proteins |
| What is dna organised as | Chromosomes |
| What are chromosomes | Long sequences of dna found in the nucleus |
| What’s a gene | A section of dna that codes for protein |
| What’s the shape of dna | Double helix |
| What are the base pairs | Adenine - Thymine and Gaunine - Cytosine ATGC makes up the genetic code |
| Why can’t dna leave the nucleus | Because it’s to big |
| Definition of MRNA | Is a molecule that carry’s a copy of the genetic code from the dna to the nucleus to the ribosome where proteins made from amino acids |
| What does the dna base sequence determine | The mRNA base sequence |
| What does the mRNA base sequence determine | The amino acids sequence |
| What does the proteins shape determined by | The sequences of amino acids |
| Why must the proteins be the right shape | To Cary out it’s functions |
| Name 5 functions of proteins | Structural hormones antibodies receptors and enzymes (SHARE) |
| Definition of structural | Provide structure and support for cells. Also allows body to move |
| Examples of structural proteins | Actin and myosin |
| Definition of Hormones | Proteins that act as chemical messengers. Transmit signals in the blood to coordinate biological processes between different cells tissues and organs |
| Why must the receptors match the shape of the hormone | Because it has a specific hormone it can bind to |
| What are antibodies | Y shaped proteins that help the body fight infections they’re made by white blood cells called lymphocytes |
| What are receptors | They receive chemical signals from out the cells |
| What are enzymes | Biological catalysts. They are proteins made by every living cell. |
| What is the active site | A particular shape . The substrate must match the shape of the active site in order for it to bind |
| What’s the chemical at the start of the reaction | The substrate |
| What’s the chemical produced in the end | The product |
| What’s the wrong equation for enzyme substrate and product | Substrate ➡️ enzyme ➡️ product |
| What happens in each enzyme reaction | The substrate enters the active site of the enzyme And enzyme substrate complex forms The products released from the active site |
| What’s happens in a degradation reaction | A large substrate is broken down to serval smaller products |
| Examples of degradation reaction | Amylase speeding up the break down of starch into maltose |
| What happens in a synthesis reaction | Several smaller substrates are built up to make a larger product |
| Examples of a synthesis reaction | Phosphorylase speeding up the synthesis of starch from G1P |
| Factors affecting protein | Temperature and PH |
| Which ph does amylase work best at | Ph 7 |
| What happens if the ph is to high or too low | The enzyme isn’t able to catalyse the reaction |
| How can enzymes be denatured | By extreme ph |
| What happens is a enzymes is denatured | The shape of the active site changes to the substrate can’t fit and no reaction takes place |
| How can dna be transferred naturally | Bacterial plasmids + Viruses |
| Examples of Genetically Modified Organisms | Golden rice - improving nutrition , less toxic rapeseed oil - makes food safer Bird resistance to flu - improving farming |
| What medication has genetic engineering produced | Insulin to control blood glucose for those with type 1 diabetes and growth hormone- improve human health |
| What’s the main source of energy for cells | Glucose |
| What’s the process where energy is released form glucose | Respiration |
| In respiration when energy is released from glucose what is it used for | Generating ATP |
| What can atp be used for | Cellular activity like muscle cell contraction cell division and protein synthesis |
| If the energy requirement is high what does it mean | The higher the number of mitochondria present |
| Where does the first stage occurs | In the cytoplasm - glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvate releasing enough energy to yield 2 atp molecules |
| What happens if oxygen is present | Aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria and the pyruvates are broken down into carbon dioxide and water and a lot of energy is released making a large number of atp molecules |
| What’s the word equation for aerobic respiration | Glucose + oxygen ➡️ carbon dioxide + water + energy |
| What happens in absence of oxygen | Fermentation takes place |
| Fermentation in animal cells | The pyruvate molecules are converted into lactate |
| Word equation for animal fermentation | Glucose ➡️ lactate + energy |
| Fermentation in plant and fungal cells | The pyruvate are converted into carbon dioxide and ethanol the only yields 2 atp molecules |
| Word equation for plan and fungal fermentation | Glucose ➡️ carbon dioxide + ethanol + energy |
Created by:
Maryamxnisar
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