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Chapter 22: Descent
Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Charles Darwin __________________. | proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution Although Wallace submitted his work for publication first, Darwin's work was known to have pre-dated Wallace's work and was much more detailed; therefore, Darwin was given credit for the theory. |
| Why did dark-colored rock pocket mice first appear in a population of light-colored rock pocket mice? | They have a genetic mutation that affects their fur color. |
| Why do dark-colored rock pocket mice on dark lava flows have white bellies? | There is no selection for dark bellies by visual predators. |
| Mutations are always __________. | a change in an individual’s DNA |
| When dark-colored fur gives mice a 1% competitive advantage and 1% of the population begins with dark fur, in about 1000 years, 95% of the population will have dark fur. Which of the following statements is true? | If dark-colored rock pocket mice had a competitive advantage of 0.1%, it would take longer for 95% of the population to have dark fur. A small evolutionary advantage can lead to large changes in a population. The larger the advantage, the faster the chan |
| What does Dr. Carroll mean when he says, “while mutation is random, natural selection is not”? | Mutations for advantageous traits are more likely to be passed on to the next generation. Natural selection favors some mutations. Natural selection acts on traits. |
| In the lab, Nachman examined dark mice from two different populations living hundreds of miles apart. The mice looked nearly identical. Their dark color was caused by two different genes. What does this tell you? | There are at least two genes involved in creating dark mouse fur. Under very similar conditions, natural selection can favor very similar adaptations. Two completely different mutations in two separate genes can generate the same phenotype. Dark fur co |
| From his observations of organisms in the Galapagos islands, Darwin reasoned that _____. | organisms had adapted to new environments, giving rise to new species |
| What question did the researchers ask? | Can predation result in selection for color patterns in guppies? |
| What was the researchers' main hypothesis? | Predation results in selection for more drab color patterns in guppies. |
| Researchers further hypothesized that if predation pressure is reduced, drab coloration would become less beneficial (since females prefer brightly colored mates). Based on this hypothesis, what prediction did the researchers test in this experiment? | When guppies with drab colors are transferred to a pool with only killifish, the transplanted population will evolve brighter colors than the original source population. |
| What was the control group in this study? | the source population in the pike-cichlid pools |
| What was the experimental group in this study? | the transplanted population in the killifish pools |
| How did the types of data the researchers collected enable them to test their prediction? | Tracking the number and area of colored spots provided a quantitative way to compare the brightness of different populations. |
| What conclusion would you draw from the data presented? | Predation results in selection for more drab coloration in pike-cichlid pools. |
| Which of the following would help strengthen the researchers' conclusion? | if no other characteristics differed significantly between the source and transplanted populations |
| Suppose that after 22 months, guppies from the transplanted population were returned to the source pool. What would most likely happen to those guppies? | They would experience a higher rate of predation than the native population, and over time they would evolve and resemble the original source population. |
| What data should you collect in order to test your prediction? | predation rate on transplanted versus original source guppies, and color patterns of the population over time |
| direct observation of evolutionary change | development of drug resistance in bacteria |
| fossil record | discovery of shells of extinct species discovery of transitional forms of horses |
| homology | similarities in mammalian forelimbs same genetic code in fireflies and tobacco plants vestigial pelvis in right whales |
| biogeography | similarities in endemic island species to nearby mainland species the high concentration of marsupial species in Australia |
| Select the three statements that are true. | -The population that existed before mining must have included both copper-tolerant and copper-intolerant plants. -Nearly 100% of monkey flowers growing in copper-contaminated soil are copper tolerant. -If you were to test monkey flowers growing on the s |
| Which of the following is(are) homologous to the bones in this image? | The digits of a cat are homologous to those of these whale bones. |
| The wing of a bat is homologous to the ___________ of a whale. | flipper |
| Identify the four postulates of natural selection. | Individuals in a population vary in the traits they possess. Some trait differences are heritable. Survival and reproductive success are variable among individuals in a population. Individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduc |
| Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 1 and 2 of natural selection? | Heritable variation exists for traits among individuals in a population. |
| Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 3 and 4 of natural selection? | Individuals experience differential success in their ability to survive or reproduce due to differences in certain traits. |
| Does the ability of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell to infect a new host depend on its drug-resistant phenotype? | No, drug-susceptible cells and drug-resistant cells are equally likely to infect a new host. |
| Which of the following statements describes the evolution by natural selection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria in their new environment? | The drug-resistance trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts are medicated with the antibiotic rifampin. |
| In the United States today, about half of the corn crop is genetically engineered with a protein that is toxic to corn borers, an insect pest of corn. Which of the following conditions would be necessary for evolution of resistance to the toxic protein to | The corn borer must have or generate (by mutation) heritable variation in resistance to the toxic protein. The resistant corn borers must survive better or reproduce more than nonresistant corn borers. |
| True or false? It would be difficult to assess whether the drug-susceptible or drug-resistant phenotype in a population of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was more fit in an environment without antibiotics. | True |
| A challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species came from embryology, when it was discovered that _____. | embryos of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble each other |
Created by:
Jen2pen
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