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Cell Specialization
Bio Cell Specialization and Organization
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How do you find the total magnification of a microscope? | Magnification of the ocular X magnification of the objective lens |
| What element do all organic molecules contain? | Carbon |
| What is the level of organization of multicellular organisms? | Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organisms |
| What role do enzymes play in living things? | They are proteins with a specific active site that binds specifically to a substrate to catalyze a reaction. Each enzyme active site binds to a specific substrate. The enzyme helps the reaction progress |
| What is a catalyst? | The role is the enzyme acting to lower the amount of energy needed to start a reaction |
| What is the lock-and-key theory of enzyme function? | The active site of the enzyme fits with exactly one substrate |
| How does the temperature and pH affect enzyme activity? | Temp must be warm enough so the substrates are moving enough to make contact with the enzyme There's an ideal temp and pH for enzyme activity. if the temp is too high or too low, the enzyme will denature |
| What is denaturation? | When the active site changes shape and the substrate will no longer fit with it |
| What causes denaturation? | At too high a temp or too low/high pH, the active site changes shape and substrates will no longer fit with it |
| Name the 3 principles of the Cell Theory | All living things are made of cells New Cells come from old cells Cells are the basic building unit of life |
| How do prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells differ? | Prokaryotes: unicellular, are smaller, don't have membrane-bound organelles, their DNA is free floating in cytoplasm instead of nucleus |
| Which organelles are found in all cells? | Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, |
| Which organelles are found in prokaryotic cells? | Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell wall, some have flagella |
| Which organelles are in plant cells, but not animal cells | Cell wall and chloroplast |
| Organelles involved in making proteins in the cell | Nucleus (DNA code has instructions for which protein to make), ribosomes, rough ER, reticulum, golgi apparatus |
| Structure of the cell membrane | Phospholipid Bilayer with hydrophobic (nonpolar) tails on the inside and hydrophilic heads (polar) on the outside. The hydrophilic heads face the outside of the cell and the cytoplasm of the cell. Hydrophobic tails face eachother in the center of membrane |
| Role and structure of a phospholipid | Hydrophilic phosphate group (head) and hydrophobic fatty tail |
| Functions of the cell membrane | Controls what enters and exits the cell |
| What is passive transport? Examples? (Distinguish btw simple and facilitated diffusion) | Movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration. This does NOT require energy. It goes w/ the the concentration gradient. Small, non-polar molecules without a charge can pass through the membrane via simp. diffusion. |
| During passive transport, what do larger or charged molecules pass through the membrane in? | A Protein channel |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Passive transport Protein channel needed, allows molecules to channel through membrane |
| Simple diffusion | Passive transport (no energy) oxygen (no protein channel needed) |
| What is active transport? | Movement of molecules or ions from area of low concentration to high concentration. This is going against the concentration gradient bc there are already more molecules in the direction the molecules are moving to. Requires enzymes and energy in ATP form |
| Example of active transport | Uptake of glucose into the intestine even if there's already more glucose in the intestinal cells than in the blood. You can't let the glucose level in the blood get too high |
| Describe the process of osmosis. Describe what happens in water movement between a cell and its environment if placed in hypo,hyper, and isotonic solutions | Osmosis if the movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to low water concentration. The goal is for all cells to reach equilibrium w/ its environment. |
| Water movement between a cell and its environment if placed in HYPOTONIC solution | Water will move into the cell |
| Water movement between a cell and its environment if placed in HYPERTONIC solution | Water will leave the cell |
| Water movement between a cell and its environment if placed in ISOTONIC solution | Water enters and exits the cell at an equal rate |
| Define homeostasis | The state of steady, internal, physical, chemical, and social conditions maintained by living systems. Temp, pH, blood sugar levels are all examples of what must be maintained at a steady state |
| Ribosomes | Site of protein synthesis |
| Cell Wall | Maintains shape of cell and protects it; made of cellulose in plants |
| Building blocks of proteins | Amino Acids |
| Building blocks of lipids | Fatty Acids |
| Building blocks of nucleic acids | Nucleotides |
| Building blocks of carbohydrates | Monosaccharides |
| Functions of proteins | Moves substances in and out of cells, fight diseases, control rate of reaction, structure of cells - |
| Functions of lipids | Cushions organs, controls cell membrane transport, protects against heat loss, long term energy storage - |
| Functions of carbohydrates | Short term energy, also energy storage |
| Functions of nucleic acids | Stores genetic info, ATP is our current energy |
| Examples of proteins | Antibody, enzyme, cartilage, keratin in hair and nails |
| Examples of lipids | Steroids, waxes, cell membrane phospholipids, fats, cholesterol, sex hormones |
| Examples of carbohydrates | Glucose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, starch, glycogen, cellulose |
| Examples of nucleic acids | DNA, RNA, ATP |
| Reactants in a chemical reaction | Elements or compounds present when the reaction begins |
| Products in a chemical reaction | Elements or compounds produced as a result of the reaction |
| Why does diffusion occur? | when the molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
Created by:
gwalsh22
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