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EXAM 6 BIO 151
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the major plant characteristics? | Green, Eukaryotic (multicellular), nonmotile, chloroplasts |
| What are the derived traits of plants? | Alternation of generations (sporophyte, gametophyte), Embryo dependent on parent for nutrients, Multicellular sporangia spores with tough cell walls, Multicellular gametogonia (Archegonium and Antheridium), Apical meristems. |
| What are the relationships between angiosperms, dicotyledons, gymnosperms, monocotyledons, nonvascular, seed-bearing, seedless, and vascular plants. | Plants= nonvascular and vascular. Non vascular produces bryophytes. Vascular= seedless and seed bearing. Seed bearing=Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. Angiosperms produce monocotyledons and dicotyledons. |
| What is the order of structure and events for alternation of generations in plants. Which structures are haploid and which are diploid? Which are formed by mitosis and which by meiosis? | A. Diploid zygote -> mitosis -> sporophyte -> meiosis -> haploid spores -> mitosis -> gametophyte -> mitosis -> haploid gametes -> fertilization |
| What are the major characteristics of the bryophytes. Is the dominant generation the gametophyte or sporophyte? | Vascular tissues greatly reduced or lacking, no true stems, leaves or roots, rhizoids for anchoring to the ground. Dominant generation is the gametophyte. |
| Important facts from bryophyte reproduction: | Antheridia produce sperm; archegonia produce eggs; diploid zygote produces sporophyte; capsule produces haploid spores through meiosis; spores release to produce new gametophyte. Sporophyte is dependent on gametophyte. |
| What are the major characteristics of the pterophytes (seedless, vascular plants). Is the dominant generation the gametophyte or sporophyte? | Simple vascular systems, spotophyte and gametophyte are seperate, homosporous spores. Sporophyte is dominant. |
| What does homosporous mean? Which plant group is homosporous? | spores form bisexual gametophytes that produce male and female sex organs and flagellated sperm that is dependent on water for fertilization. Peterophytes are homosporous. |
| What are the sori? How are spores produced? | Clusters of sporangia. Produced by meiosis |
| Important facts from pterophyte (fern) reproduction: | Haploid spore released from sorus produces gametophyte (thallus); gametophyte produces both antheridia and archegonia; sporophyte develops off of gametophyte. |
| What does heterosperous mean? Which plant groups are heterosperous? | Two types of spores that produce male and female gametophytes, megaspores in ovule. Gymnosperms and angiosperms belong to this group. |
| What do the megaspores develop into? Microspores? | Megaspores develop in to female gametophytes with archegoina (egg) ovules Microspores develop in to male gametophytes with antheridia (pollen=sperm) |
| What are the general characteristics of the gymnosperms? | Naked seed plants (seeds not surrounded by any other tissue), Wind dispersal of pollen and seed, reproductive structure are cones. |
| Which types of plants are found in the gymnosperms? | Pine trees and other cone bearing plants |
| What is produced in the pollinate cones and the ovulate cones? | Pollinate cones produce sperm and ovulate cones produce eggs |
| How does pollination generally occur? How long does it take the pollen tube to form? | Wind blows pollen in to ovulate cone, Pollen forms a pollen tube that digests its way through the megasporangium. Takes at least one year. |
| How are the seeds scattered? | By wind |
| What are the general characteristics of the angiosperms? | Flower producing, Seeds surrounded by fruit tissues formed from ovary of flower (varies in size), Many rely on insects and animals for pollination. |
| Describe the functions of the major flower structures.(non reproductive) | Receptacle-widened end of pedical which forms the flower base. Sepals-surround and protect flower bud during development(calyx=group of sepals). Petals-attract insects for pollination.Nectarines-glands that produce sugary nectar 4-78% |
| Describe the functions of the reproductive flower structures. | Stamen-male reproductive parts (Filament-stalk, Anthers-produce pollen grains). Carpel-female reproductive parts (Stigma-sticky area that pollen sticks to, Style-tube that connects the stigma to the ovary,Ovary-houses ovule which develops in to the seeds) |
| What are complete, incomplete, composite, flowers? | Complete:Contains four basic floral organs (sepals,petals,stamens,carpels).Incomplete:Lack of one or mare floral parts, grass, lacks petals.Composite:Central disk is composed of many tiny complete flowers(sunflowers)Ray flowers surround the center of ICF |
| What are bisexual, unisexual, monoecious, and dioecious flowers? | Bisexual:have both stamen and carpels.Unisexual:have either male or female parts.Monoecious:both staminate and carpellete flowers on the same plant.Dioecious: staminate and carpellete flowers of different plants. |
| What are the main differences between monocotyledons and dicotyledons? | Monocots:seeds have one cotyledon, flower parts come in three's,parallel veins in leaves, scattered vascular bundles, fibrous roots. Dicots:have two cotyledons, flower parts come in four's or five's, network veins, vascular bundles in rings , tap roots. |
| Important facts about male gametophyte development in angiosperms: | sporangia are within anthers; form microspores by meiosis; microspores give rise to pollen grains; pollen grains contain two cells – generative cell and tube cell. |
| Important facts about female gametophyte development in angiosperms: | ovary contains ovules in which develop the sporangia; sporangia forms megaspore by meiosis; megaspore give rise to several different nuclei (two polar) and egg. |
| List the different means by which angiosperms can be pollinated. | Wind and insect |
| Describe the events during double fertilization. Which tissue is triploid (3n)? | Pollen tube grows down style to ovary->grows through opening called microphyle->two sperm come through pollen tube->one fertilizes the egg(zygote)->other fuses with two polar nuclei to produce 3n endosperm |
| Embryo and endosperm | |
| What is the function of the endosperm? | it produces tissue to nourish the embryo/seedling |
| What part of the flower develops into the seed? Which part develops into the fruit? What is the main function of fruit? | Ovule=seed, Ovary=fruit. Fruit is eaten by animals which through waste allows the seeds to be spread out |
| How are the seeds dispersed | Wind, animal waste |
| Describe the following structures in a seed: hypocotyls, radicle, epicotyl, plumule, cotyledons, and coeloptile. | Hypoctyl sits above radicle, radicle is the embryonic root of the plant,epicotyl sits below the plumule and above the hypocotyl,Plumule are the little leaves at the tip of the embryo, cotyledons are the "meat" of the seed, colopitle covers the young shoot |
| What is the order of events during germination? | Seeds absorb water-Radicle emerges first through seed coat(root form anchor)-Cotyledons break through and straighten-Foliage leaves are exposed and will begin photosynthesis-Coleoptile pushes upward through soil and forms a shield to protect seedling |
| Briefly describe the root and shoot systems of angiosperms. | Roots:anchor the plant, absorb minerals and water, food storage. Shoots(stems&leaves):reproduction and photosynthesis. |
| What are the main plant organs? | Roots, Stems, Leaves |
| What are the three types of roots? | Fibrous, Tap and Adventitious |
| What are root hairs and what is their function? | Roots hairs are extensions of epidermal cells on roots. Absorption of water and nutrients, increases area of epidermal cells. |
| Describe prop, storage, and strangling root modifications. | Prop roots, aerial roots that support tall top heavy plants(corn).Storage, storage of food and water(beets).Strangling/Aerial, seeds of strangler fig germinate on branches of tall trees, feed off of the tree and eventually kill the host. |
| Describe Buttress and Pnumatophore root modifications. | Buttress roots support tall trunks of tropical trees (ceiba in Cent Am). Pneumatophore roots have adaptions for growth in swamps/bogs, roots projects above the surface (mangroves) |
| On a stem, what are nodes, internodes, terminal buds, and axillary buds? | Nodes are where leaves are attached. Internodes are part of stem between nodes. Terminal buds are at the tips of branches. Axillary buds are between the petiole and the stem. |
| What effect does removing the terminal buds have on the plant? | Removing terminal buds makes the plants bushier by promoting lateral growth. |
| Modified shoots are stolons, rhizomes, tubers, and bulbs. Briefly describe each of them. | Stolens spread out above ground(strawberries). Rhizomes spread out underground(ginger). Tubers are the enlarged end of rhizomes (potatoes).Bulbs are large buds with short internodes (onions) |
| What are the two main parts of a leaf? | Blade and petiole |
| Describe four types of modified leaves. | Reproductive:leaves fall off and take root in the soil.Spines: as in cactus.Tendrils:petiole winds as in pea plants.Bracts:brightly colored to attract pollinators (poinsettias) |
| What are the three main types of plant tissues? | Dermal/epidermis, Vascular(xylem phloem), Ground tissue (pith cortex). |
| What is the function of dermal tissue? | Dermal tissue is the outer layer that protects against injury and pathogens. |
| Dermal tissues include guard cells and stomata, root hairs, and trichomes. Briefly describe their functions. | Guard cells regulate the opening to the stomata. Stomata pores for gas exchange.Root hairs absorb water and nutrients and increases surface area of epidermal cells.Trichomes fuzzy covering on plants that give protection from extreme temps,uv & herbivores |
| What two cell types can make up xylem? What are their main characteristics? | Trachieds: long,thin.pits in cell walls allow water to pass through Vessel Elements: shorter,wider.pits line up between cells, partially perforated end walls, more efficient than tracheids for moving water. |
| What two cell types make up phloem? What are their main characteristics? What are companion cells? | Sieve tube elements and companion cells. Sieve tubes are living when mature,have no nucleus, sieve plates, cell wall w/ a thin layer of cytoplasm. Compound cell carries out metabolic functions to support sieve tube members, connected by plasmodesmata |
| What is ground tissue? | Functions in photosynthesis, storage and support. Pith is the inner tissue towards the center, and the Cortex is the outer tissue between the vascular bundles and the epidermis. |
| List the main characteristics and functions of parenchyma. Where is it found within the plant? | Parenchyma is the most common, thin flexible primary wall, forms masses in leaves, stems& roots, alive at maturity,carries out photosynthesis, stores food, water and pigments, produces new roots and stems. |
| List the main characteristics and functions of collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Where are they found within the plant? | Collenchyma:alive at maturity,elongated shape, unevenly thickened walls, provides support for primary tissues which are still growing. Sclerenchyma:dead at maturity,tough,thick secondary walls that contain lignin, fiber cells(allow flexibility) |
| QUICK parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma association. | P=photosynthesis, primary C=child care, supports growing parenchyma S=secondary, strongest |
| Describe the life cycles of annuals, biennials, and perennials. | Annual life cycle takes one year or less, Biennial life cycle takes two years, vegetative first year flowering second year. Perennial life cycles can last many years, die due to damage or disease, bloom shorter periods. |
Created by:
ErikaB302
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