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Genetics Section 02

These are the key terms for Section 02 of Unit 03 - Genetics

TermDefinition
RNA RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a molecule that helps in making proteins and carries instructions from DNA to the cell.
Mutation A mutation is a change in the genetic material (like DNA) that can lead to differences in traits.
DNA Replication DNA replication is the process where DNA makes a copy of itself, ensuring that each new cell gets the same genetic information.
Chargaff’s Rule Chargaff's Rule states that in DNA, the amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of cytosine is equal to the amount of guanine.
Nucleotide Base A nucleotide base is a part of DNA or RNA that helps form the genetic code. The bases are adenine, thymine (in DNA), cytosine, guanine, and uracil (in RNA).
Polygenic Inheritance Polygenic inheritance happens when a trait is controlled by multiple genes, not just one pair.
Multiple Alleles Multiple alleles refer to the existence of more than two different versions of a gene controlling a particular trait.
DNA DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a molecule that contains genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms.
DNA Transcription DNA transcription is the process where RNA is formed using DNA as a template.
DNA Translation DNA translation is the process where the genetic code in RNA is used to create proteins.
X-linked Trait An X-linked trait is a genetic characteristic determined by genes on the X chromosome.
Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, Thymine These are the four nucleotide bases found in DNA. Cytosine pairs with guanine, and adenine pairs with thymine.
Carrier A carrier is an individual who has one copy of a recessive gene for a genetic disorder but does not show symptoms.
Pedigree A pedigree is a diagram that shows the occurrence and relationships of traits within a family over several generations.
Sex Chromosomes Sex chromosomes are chromosomes that determine an individual's sex. In humans, they are called X and Y chromosomes.
Autosomes Autosomes are chromosomes that are not directly involved in determining an individual's sex.
Inversion Inversion is a genetic mutation where a section of DNA is reversed within the chromosome.
Duplication Duplication is a genetic mutation where a section of DNA is repeated, causing extra copies of that genetic material.
Substitution Substitution is a type of mutation where one nucleotide base is replaced by another in the DNA sequence.
Insertion Insertion is a mutation where an extra nucleotide base is inserted into the DNA sequence.
Deletion Deletion is a mutation where a nucleotide base is removed from the DNA sequence.
Karyotype the general appearance of the complete set of chromosomes in the cells of a species or in an individual organism, mainly including their sizes, numbers, and shapes
Selective Breeding the process of selecting organisms with desired traits to breed for the next generation
Cloning the process of producing individual organisms with identical genomes, either by natural or artificial means
Genetic Engineering the process of creating changes in an organism’s DNA changing the genetic code so the organism will express a specifically selected trait
CRISPR/Cas9 A two-part biotechnology that can directly edit specific regions of DNA in an organism to create a permanent change to the DNA molecule.
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