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BIO170 - Obj 17
BIO170 - Obj 17 - Lymphatic & Immune System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the lymphatic structures? (7) | 1) lymphatic ducts; 2) lymph nodes; 3) tonsils; 4) Peyer's patches; 5) spleen; 6) thymus; 7) bone marrow |
| What is the function of the lymphatic ducts? What is its role in the immune system? | drains excess interstitial fluid for re-entry into the blood stream; components of lymph are exposed to cells of the immune system |
| What are the 2 lymphatic ducts? | the left lymphatic duct (aka thoracic) duct handles all lymph, except lymph from the right arm & right side of neck and head; the lymphatic ducts return lymph to circulation to the corresponding subclavian vein |
| What is the function of lymph nodes? | they are the site of secondary lymphocyte storage & matguration; lymph nodes expose lymphocytes to antigens from the blood |
| Where are the lymph nodes located? (5) | cervical region near respiratory passages; within thoracic cavity; deep in the abdominal cavity; axillary region; inguinal region |
| What are the tonsils? What is their function? | 3 pairs of lymphoid organs in the pharynx which filter inhaled or ingested substances |
| What are Peyer's patches and what is their function? | they are areas of lymphoid tissue in the digestive tract submucosa; they screen for non-self proteins (antigens) entering from the gut |
| Where and what is the spleen? | it is an organ located on the lateral abdominal wall in the LUQ; the white pupl of the spleen contains many lymphocytes which detect antigens; very vascular - contains red pulp with developing & degrading RBCs |
| What is the thymus? | the primary site for development & proliferation of thymal-derived (T) lymphocytes; thymus begins to atrophy during puberty; by middle age, only a remnant remains |
| How is the bone marrow pary ot the lymphatic system? | it is probably the primary site for development & proliferation of B lymphocytes & is the site of all precursor blood cells, including lymphocytes; bone marrow is prevalent in hip & thigh |
| Which type of leukocytes are phagocytes? When? | monocytes - chronic infection; macrophages - have left the blood & reside in tissues; neutrophils - acute infection; eosinophils - parasitic infections |
| Which type of leukocytes provide an immune response for a particular antigen? | lymphocytes |
| Which leukocytes are mediators of the inflammatory response? | basophils & mast cells (which reside in tissue and were probably once basophils) |
| Which type of leukocytes is responsible for allergies? | eosinophils |
| What are the 3 defenses against infection? | 1st line - nonspecific barrier; 2nd line - nonspecific response to microbial infection; 3rd line - specific immune response |
| What are the 2 types of barriers in the 1st line of defense? | mechanical (skin, mucous membranes, conjunctivae) & chemical barriers (secretions from mucuous membranes: fatty acids-skin, HCl-stomach, bile salts-intestines; also specific antimicrobial secretions such as lysozyme in saliva, IgA from mucous membranes) |
| Describe the 2nd line of defense: | fever & inflammation are response to microbial invasion of body; chemical factors such as complement, lysozyme, & other enzymes attack invading microorganisms; phagocytes phagocytize microorganisms |
| What is the 3rd line of defense? | specific immune response; antigen/antibody complex; the mobilization of lymphocytes & their antibodies against a specific infectious organism |
| What is cell-mediated immunity? Humoral Immunity? | cell-mediated immunity is the direct attack of the infectious organism by T-lymphocytes; humoral immunity is the attack of antigen proteins by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes |
| What are non-self proteins (antigens)? | proteins found in particular microorganisms, but not in any cell of the body |
| How is the specific immune response initiated? | initiation requires antigens or relatively large size, complex structure, and/or sufficient quantity |
| What controls the immune response so that self-antigens are not attacked? | suppressor T cells and antiidiotypic antibodies normally prevent attack of self antigens by the immune system |
| What are the sources of natural immunity? | species specific (innate resistance); some resistance is also probably genetics (example HIV) |
| What are the 2 ways immunity can be acquired? | passive - mom->baby, injection (vaccination) and active - from exposure to the disease |
| How did B lymphocytes get their name? | existence of B cells 1st discovered in chickens; birds have an organ called the Bursae of Fabricious which is where B cells mature in birds |
| Where do all blood cells originate? | all lymphocytes & other blood cells arise from a common stem cell in the bone marrow |
| Where do B cells mature? | in the bursal equivalent tissue; probably the bone marrow, but possibly the Peyer's patches in the gut |
| What is clonal diversity? | different B cells can recognize all potential antigens encountered during a lifetime, but they will only react to a specific one |
| What happens after B cells have matured? | they are considered immunocompetent B cells and they move into the secondary lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes, Peyer's patches) |
| What happens when immunocompetent B cells are exposed to a non-self antigen? | they demonstrate clonal selection; some B cells are triggered to transform into plasma cells; others are transformed into memory B cells |
| What is the role of plasma cells? | they provide the primary immune response (i.e. the 1st exposure) by secreting a specific antibody to the antigen, creating an Ab-Ag complex |
| What does the Ab-Ag complex do? | neutralizes the antigen through either agglutination or precipitation; agglutination is clumping of insoluble antigen; precipitation is soluble antigen falling out of solution |
| What types of infectious agents are neutralized by antibodies? How? | immunoglobulins directly neutralize bacterial toxins, viruses & bacteria by indirectly triggering the inflammatory response against the non-self antigen |
| How long does the primary immune response take? What happens during that time? | Primary immune response takes several days; during this time, the person becomes ill from the infection |
| What is the role of memory B cells? | they are responsible for the secondary immune response which occurs during subsequent exposure to the same antigen; memory cells are the reason a person is immune to a disease |
| What is the significance of the secondary immune response? | B memory cell transformation is very quick (minutes to hours); the antigen & its infectious agent are destroyed before an infection has time to develop |
| How doe B cells neutralize bacterial toxins, viruses, and bacteria? | all 3 type of infectious agents attach to healthy cells on antigenic determinant sites; the antibodies attach to these sites preventing them from attaching to other body cells preventing further infection and reproduction |
| What is the process of neutralizing a bacterial cell called? | opsonization |
| What is the inflammatory response and how is it triggered? | Ab-Ag complexes trigger the inflammatory response: 1) phagocytes are summoned to the Ab-Ag complex via chemical messengers; 2) plasma proteins called complements are activated; these bore holes in opsonized cell membranes to kill bacteria |
| How many classes of antibodies? What are they based on? What are they called? | a specific antibody exists for each and every antigen; 5 classes: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM; categorized based primarily on protein structure, also function & tissue from where they are secreted |
| Describe IgA: | function: form a chemical/immunological barrier in 1st line of defense; secreted primarily from mucous membranes & glands; found in many body secretions (tears, saliva, milk, mucuous-respiratory, digestive, urogenital tracts) |
| Describe IgD: | function:antigen receptor; located on the surface of developing B lymphocytes |
| Describe IgE: | function: activates complement to attack parasites; secretd from mast cells located in peripheral tissues & present in secretions of mucous membranes; abnormally over-active mast cells cause allergies (high levels present during allergic reactions) |
| How does IgG function? | major initiator of immune response (85% of circulating antibodies); induces agglutination,precipitation and complement activation; provides passive immunity in the fetus & neonates |
| Where is IgG found? | secreted from many cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, platelets, certain mast cells; a systemic antibody found in the blood & secretions from mucous membranes & glands |
| Describe IgM: | function: primary immune response - it is the 1st immunoglobulin to process non-self antigen; it strongly induces agglutination & complement activation; it is the largest immunoglobin |
| Which immunoglobin is initiated in the 1st line of defense? In allergic reactions? Passed to the fetus through placenta? | IgA - 1st line of defense; IgE - allergic reactions; IgG - crosses placenta |
| Which immunoglobulin is the largest in size? Which one is the most prevalent? | IgM is the largest; IgG is is the most prevalent (85% of circulating antibody) |
| How do T cells mature? | in the thymus gland, under the influence of hormones; major part of maturation is the production of Clusters of Differentiation (CD) which are proteins on the T cell membranes; different CDs allow the T cell to bind & adhere to antigens |
| What are the T cells called once mature? Where do they go? | mature T cells are immunocompetent cells; they move to the peripheral lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes, Peyer's patches) |
| What is the mechanism of primary & secondary immune response in T cells? | similar to B lymphocytes |
| What many subspecies of T cells exist? What are they? | 5 subspecies of T cells develop upon exposure to a non-self Ag; Td - lymphokine producing T cell; Tc - cytotoxic T cell; Th - helper T cell; Ts - suppressor T cell; Tm - memory T cell |
| Describe the function of the Td cell: | the lymphokine producting T cell causes delayed hypersensitivity leading to inflammation; they secrete chemical substances called lymphokines which activate macrophages -> phagocytize non-self Ag -> inflammation |
| Describe the function of the Tc cell: | cytotoxi T-cells directly attack & destroy antigens on infected body cells or antigens coated with antibody (similar to the NK cell) |
| Describe the function of the Th cell: | the helper T cell facilates both cell-mediated & humoral immunity by processing antigens; the antigens are presented to other immune cells (ex: Tc & NK) via cytokines, stimulating their function |
| What other cell is similar to the Th cell? | APCs (antigen presenting cells) work similarly to Th cells; they work as "middle men" in the immune response; APCs are macrophages in tissue |
| Describe the function of the Ts cell: | suppressor T cells inhibit the immune response: 1) to turn other immune cells off after a successful immune response against an antigen; 2) maintains the appropriate degree of self-tolerance toward self-antigens |
| Describe the function of Tm cells: | responsible for mounting a secondary immune response during subsequent exposure to the same antigen |
Created by:
debmurph
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