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Adv M/S Chapter 58
Assessment and Management of Patients with Eye and Vision Disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Situated in the bony protective orbit. | Eyeball (globe) |
| Shaped like a four-sided pyramid, surrounded on three sides by the sinuses and lined with muscle, connective, and adipose tissues. | Orbit |
| The optic nerve and the ophthalmic artery enter the orbit at its apex through this structure. | Optic foramen |
| The eyeball is moved through all fields of gaze by these. | Extraocular muscles |
| The four rectus muscles and two oblique muscles are innervated by these. | Cranial nerves (III, IV, and VI) |
| The movements of the two eyes are coordinated and the brain perceives as this. | Single image |
| Composed of thin, elastic skin that covers striated and smooth muscles and protects the anterior portion of the eye. | Eyelids |
| The upper eyelid is innervated by this. | Oculomotor nerve (CN III) |
| Eyelashes are found in this portion of the eyelids. | Lid margins |
| Vital to eye health. | Tears |
| A thin transparent mucous membrane providing a barrier to the external environment extending under the eyelids and over the sclera | Conjunctiva |
| Triangular spaces formed by the junction of the eyelids. | Canthus |
| Eyeball is composed of how many layers? | Three |
| Aqueous-filled space that lies between the posterior cornea and the anterior iris and pupil. | Anterior chamber |
| A small aqueous-containing space between the posterior iris and pupil and anterior lens. | Posterior chamber |
| A transparent, nutrient-containing fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers and helps give the eye its shape. | Aqueous humor |
| Composed mostly of water and encapsulated by a hyaloid membrane, helps maintain the shape of the eye. | Vitreous humor |
| The white avascular dense fibrous structure that helps maintain the shape of the eyeball and protects the intraocular contents. | Sclera |
| A vulnerable transparent avascular domelike structure, forms the most anterior portion of the eyeball and is the main refracting surface of the eye. | Cornea |
| The outermost protective layer of the cornea that absorbs oxygen and nutrients from the tear film nourishing the cornea. | Epithelium |
| The vascular middle layer of the eye consisting of the iris, ciliary body, and the choroid. | Uveal tract |
| Surrounds the pupil and is a highly vascularized pigmented collection of fibers that give the eye color. | Iris |
| Dilator muscles that help control pupil size are controlled by this. nervous system. | Sympathetic nervous system |
| The sphincter muscles that help control the pupil size are controlled by this nervous system. | Parasympathetic nervous system |
| Consists of ciliary processes, ciliary muscles, and zonular fibers (ligaments) that work together to form aqueous fluid and control focusing through the zonular fibers that suspend the crystalline lens. | The ciliary body |
| Lies between the retina and the sclera, supplying blood and oxygen to the outer retina. | Choroid |
| Pigmented cells in the choroid contain these which assist in absorbing scattered light. | Melanocytes |
| Biconvex structure held in position by zonular fibers in the ciliary body and lies directly behind the pupil and the iris. Enables focusing for near and distance vision through accommodation. | Lens |
| The process by which the lens of the eye adjusts the focal length to focus a clear image on the retina. | Accommodation |
| Innermost surface of the fundus composed of neural tissue and is an extension of the optic nerve. | Retina |
| The area of the retina responsible for central vision. | Macula |
| Most sensitive are of the macula that is avascular and surrounded by the superior and inferior vascular arcades. | Fovea |
| Photoreceptor cells responsible for night or low light vision - absent in the fovea. | Rods |
| Photoreceptor cells in the sensory retina essential for visual acuity, color discrimination, and fine detail - greatest concentration in the fovea. | Cones |
| Transmits impulses from the retina to the occipital lobe of the brain. | Optic nerve (CNII) |
| Anatomic point at which the nasal fibers from the nasal retina of each eye cross to the opposite side of the brain. | Chiasm |
| An essential part of the eye examination and a measure against which all therapeutic outcomes are based. | Visual acuity |
| Used to test each eye separately for near vision (14 inches away) in visual acuity. | Rosenbaum pocket screener |
| Abbreviation OD | right eye |
| Abbreviation OS | left eye |
| Abbreviation OU | both eyes |
| Drooping of the eyelid | Ptosis |
| Turning out of the lower eyelid | Ectropion |
| Turning in of the lower eyelid | Entropion |
| Turning in of the eyelashes | Trichiasis |
| Lighting of the room during an external examination should be in this setting so that the pupils can be examined | Darkened |
| Pupillary response is checked using this tool | Penlight |
| Involuntary oscillating movement of the eyeball | Nystagmus |
| Normal pupil is this color. | Black |
| A handheld instrument with various plus and minus lenses. The lenses can be rotated into place, enabling the examiner to bring the cornea, lens, and retina into focus sequentially. | Direct Ophthalmoscope |
| When examining this, the vasculature comes into focus first. | Fundus |
| Which is larger in diameter - veins or arteries? | Veins |
| The central depression in the disc. | Cup |
| A silvery or coppery appearance of the disc would indicate what condition? | Arteriolosclerosis |
| The retina of a young person often has a glistening effect, sometimes referred to as this. | Cellophane reflex |
| Fundus with little red dots and nevi indicates this. | Microaneurysms |
| Small, hyaline, globular deposits, Drusen, appear as yellowish areas with indistinct edges, and are commonly found in this condition. | Macular degeneration |
| An instrument commonly used by the ophthalmologist to see larger areas of the retina in an unmagnified state. It produces a bright and intense light. | Indirect Ophthalmoscope |
| A binocular microscope mounted on a table that enables the user to examine the eye with magnification of 10 to 40 times the real image | Slit lamp |
| A common procedure to measure IOP. | Tonometry |
| Providing this prior to tonometry helps avoid possible errors in IOP measurement. | Patient education |
| Ability of this has a dramatic effect on the activities of daily living. | Differentiate colors |
| Test often used for patients with macular problems, consists of a geometric grid of identical squares with a central fixation point. | Amsler Grid |
| Identifies pathology such as orbital tumors, retinal detachment, and vitreous hemorrhage. | Ultrasonography B- scan |
| Noninvasive and involves no physical contact with the eye. Technology that involves low coherence interferometry. Light is used to evaluate retinal and macular diseases as well as anterior segment conditions. | Optical Coherence Tomography |
| Detects and documents retinal lesions. Patient's pupils are widely dilated before the procedure. | Fundus Photography |
| uses laser light in the diagnostic evaluation of eye disorders. | Laser Scanning |
| Swelling of the optic disc due to increased intracranial pressure. | Papilledema |
| Measures nerve fiber layer thickness and is an important indicator of glaucoma progression. | Laser Scanning Polarimetry |
| Used to evaluate clinically significant macular edema, document macular capillary nonperfusion, and identify retinal and choroidal neovascularization. | Angiography |
| The patient's BUN and creatinine should be checked to ensure that this system is functioning adequately to be able to have contrast agent. | Kidneys |
| Evaluates the field of vision and helps identify which parts of the patient's central and peripheral visual fields have useful vision. | Perimetry testing |
| Blind or partially blind areas in the visual field | Scotomas |
| The determination of the refractive errors of the ey for the purpose of vision correction and consists of placing various types of lenses in front the patient's eye to determine which lens best improves the patient's vision. | Refraction |
| A normal refractive condition resulting in clear focus on retina with no optical defects. Aka - Normal vision. | Emmetropia |
| Nearsighted and have blurred distance vision. | Myopia |
| Farsighted and have excellent distance vision, but blurry near vision. | Hyperopia |
| No light to best possible corrected central visual acuity . | Blindness |
| Central acuity of 20/40 or worse in the better eye with the best possible correction. | Vision impairment |
| Visual impairment that requires the use of devices and strategies to perform visual tasks. | Low vision |
| The loss of accommodative power in the lens, interferes with the ability to adequately focus and is the factor responsible for most older adults requiring some form of corrective lenses. | Presbyopia |
| Measures visual acuity in different degrees of light and dark contrast to determine visual function. | Contrast-sensitivity testing |
| Macular degeneration is more prevalent among this group. | Caucasians |
| Glaucoma is more prevalent among this group. | African Americans |
| Composed of a series of progressively smaller rows of letters; Person is asked to read the lowest line possible. | Snellen chart |
| Considered the standard of normal vision. | 20/20 |
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mcnabb
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